2009 Littlest Pet Shop Advent

photo?

J e did not give in to the madness of Scandinavian crime fiction, when it became impossible to tell amateur detective without reading Stieg Larson, when he had absolutely Per Walhoo have read, or Shift Sjöwall Henning Mankell. It is therefore quite long after its publication in French, I discovered Photo Lime (2000), Leif Davidsen's Danish . I have benefited for that of its publication in paperback (Editions Gallimard, collection Folio policeman 2009, ISBN 978-2-07-035806-9).

As its creator Leif Davidsen, former reporter and news correspondent, Peter Lime has traveled the world. He brought back pictures that have made him a little famous and rich enough, thanks to the photo agency he created with a couple friends. And the job of paparazzi seem to suit him, he who has the flair for finding good opportunities will arise where the clichés that make the headlines.

But sometimes there are too cliché. He should not have been taken. That is upsetting your life by unleashing an unexpected fire. The existence of Peter Lime is put upside down by a shot too. Yet this is not the wrath of an unfaithful husband caught with his mistress on a English coast, which struck him. He must look behind the appearances, behind the intrigues of the English police, some regret the good old days of Franco, where they had a free hand, behind the shenanigans of ETA who are seeking to strike those who betray the organization. He'll have to see behind the smile of this lovely Danish investigator came to Madrid to meet with him about a past he thought he had left far behind.

His quest will lead far from that Spain where he had hoped to find peace of an ordinary life. Far, far in the bitterness of old friendships betrayed.

A strong novel, from first to last page.

* * * * *

What Can You Give A Infant For A Sour Stomach

let us walk in the woods




"Let's walk in the woods"
(en el bosque Juguemos)

The sky above the roof,
So blue, so calm!
A tree, above the roof,
Waves its crown. [...] Paul Verlaine


After the exhibition of León Ferrari and an initial exchange with the association Yo no fled in 2009, Travesías host in 2010 the Argentine poet María Medrano. Founder of Yo no fled, she led several years of poetry workshops at the Prison for Women Ezeiza, a suburb of Buenos Aires (see p. 5). His workshops raise questions on both the language and poetic form as the identity and prison time. For, indeed, people in prison suffer a process of depersonalization that reaches the same language:
"In prison, you forget the words that name things. [...] When we returned to prison, it ceases to be a person for a package (package), as they are called guardians. Women participating in the workshop are in a process of resistance. They resist being stigmatized. In this, the workshop is an island, an area they define as el cacho de libertad (the song of freedom). In this sense poetry, like any art form, is freedom. "Maria Medrano

Urging the social and political dimension of art," Let's walk in the woods "is intended to link the public of women in prison with different territories (Ezeiza, Nantes, Rennes, Thorigné-Fouillard ), thus initiating a reflection on art, psychoanalysis and social work. But he also comes to work around the theme of the tree because it conveys the symbols: the oak of justice, which houses the timber or warmer, the rebirth each season immortality. Indeed, the tree is immortal, because it always rises from each seed that scatters. On bark brown, etched hearts pierced with arrows. It says "I love you." The tree is touching the clouds, birds motherhood. Child, you dream to climb to the summit, we are building huts, trees protect the land, they are the source of life, oxygen. Each has a tree in her imagination. The position of the tree is the foundation of Tai Chi and Chi Kong, China. The family tree shows, in its ramifications, the development of a community ...

At a first meeting in Argentina (May-June last), Chantal Bideau was invited by Yo no fled to facilitate a workshop drawing and poetry in prison. Travesías has started a first stage of this project and collected a first set of texts to be published by Vox, publisher of Argentina.

The project continues in France, for the establishment of two workshops: a workshop and a poetry workshop drawing and silkscreen printing, and then by invitation in residence at the Poetry House of María Medrano so that it participates in workshops with women in prison in Rennes and Nantes.

Poetry as a project of resistance
Poetry Poetry
as lucid criticism as an act of rebellion
Poetry as a test of transparency
Poetry as redemption historical memory as
Poetry Poetry
collection effort, which has an ethical
poetry that reveals the intelligence to express the world
More than a voice on the world is a form of being in him.

Laura Ross
Participant of the workshop. Text from the second collection "Yo no fled," Buenos Aires, 2005.

How To Send Sms About Baby Born

notions of geopolitics caribbean ...

H aiti a globalized country to death

_______________________

Illustration Debret Jean-Baptiste (1768-1848), derived from the book: Travel picturesque and historic in Brazil, or a French artist living in Brazil since 1816 until 1831 inclusive, times of arrival and the abdication of Pedro I. SMD, founder of the Brazilian Empire , published in Paris between 1834 and 1839

Hereinafter, the reproduction a text published here Thursday, January 21, 2010, by Serge Quadruppani , accompanied by some images gleaned by Ogre.

"I wrote and published this article (including No Pasaran) ten years ago, after spending six weeks in Haiti. If Aristide is gone, it seems to me that huge current disaster that unfortunately did show that the text is still relevant. "

Revolt of blacks in Santo Domingo , August 22, 1791

1. Pigs and laws

ACMEL J, November 1999: in the warm Caribbean, the gray sand beach where the sea beats against the decomposed carcass of Albano grounded ship is going to know when, before the Yaquimo, pub bar Italian ristorante "(where the it only serves local cuisine), we see them, grazed detritus whose line runs parallel to the sea, the black pigs of Haiti. They are there, peaceful and voracious, and their presence is good news.

"Free Me too," engraving by Darcis Boizot

In 1981, under Baby Doc's dictatorship, was conducted a campaign for the eradication of African Swine Fever called (PPP), fully funded by the U.S. government. It was to last until the pigs slaughtered Creole (black), well adapted to local conditions, for replacement by pigs in North America (pink), much more fragile. Brigades "to look vaguely paramilitary" supported by the Tontons Macoutes-traquèrent systematically pig black depths of the countryside. In reality, the black pig was "healthy carrier" of the PPA: it was in excellent health, and meat could be consumed safely. But the PPP represented a mortal threat to North American farmers with pink pigs, much less resistant, might die in mass outbreak in their barns ultra-modern. As written A.-M. Ans, "the slaughter of Haitian pigs was therefore a task of compulsory solidarity imposed by U.S. farmers in Haiti, with the connivance of authorities in Haiti at the time ;.

"Free Me too," engraving by Darcis Boizot

One senses that this story of black animal healthy carrier of a disease as mortal could awaken fantasy in North American pink skin, when one remembers that at about the same time, Haiti was designated as the birthplace of AIDS. The side of the Haitian peasant, forced to realize its "capital-legged" without waiting for the opportune moment (or voodoo ceremony for the spirits to the Christian God, back to school ...), the operation had simply seen as the last, and really not worst, absurd and countless atrocities inflicted by the central government. Contrary to the belief of Ans, the Creole pig survived: we see much in the countryside and into the gullies of Port-au-Prince, we see a lot of mixed-bloods whose dresses can display all gradations and stains pink and black. I see the sign of the pigs and the stubborn resistance of the inventive rural people to his masters, black roses (whites) or spotted (mulattoes). For three centuries, the Haitian has learned to consider the state authority and those who monopolize as an unnecessary evil and yet inevitable. Southern Italy in Indochina via the former Soviet Union and Black Africa, we can consider that these are billions of people, perhaps the majority of the world's population, who are thus, for centuries, organized more or less to live despite the state - and continue.

Le Masurier ; a mulatto family , 1775

The Haitian street and the fields do not finish paying for the heroism of its ancestors, for the magnificent gesture of their masters and slaves chasing creating the first black republic history. No sooner this is done, their leaders, Toussaint L'Ouverture and Dessalines, had a hurry: to restore the plantation system and a disguised form of slavery for their own benefit. No wonder that, before such a program, ex-slaves had fled to the hills (mountains), to develop subsistence farming. Up Duvallier said Papa Doc, the political history of Haiti has essentially been a confrontation between two castes, especially the Black soldiers present in the North (Cap Haitien) and that of the mulatto bourgeoisie dominant Port-au-Prince. Meanwhile, have weighed heavily on the island on payment of the ransom of independence. It was not until 1825 that Haiti gained its international recognition, when Charles X "consented" to give him (without naming it) against payment of an indemnity of 150 million francs to the French settlers: the need to discharge this debt resulted, among other consequences, the militarization of the countryside, and from the peasants who sought to escape him, a new leak in the hills. Immediate repayment by France of that sum, plus interest, appears as the minimum payable by a State that spends his time lecturing on human rights and development.

Brunias Agostino (1730-1796); free colored people of Dominica in 1770

Le Blanc who would walk in head the streets of Port-au-Prince must be prepared to experience an experience that has little to do with the joys of baguenaudage. Hesitating between a roadway where there is a jungle automobilistique before the Code, and sidewalks that are competing for a host of impressive density and baskets of merchant and commercial street, sweating in a downtown area that deserves its nickname of "Cauldron," struggling on steep slopes where the suburbs are spread on Petionville interminable distances up to the bourgeois careful where he puts his foot (the mouth of open drains is not unusual), suffocated by the black clouds of exhaust from a poor fuel quality, clouds that people here have learned to stand without flinching, subject to these vagaries fairly commonplace in the South, he will find Suddenly, with mixed feelings, it is in the midst of these thousands of black faces, the only white person walking. In Port-au-Prince, the whites are not going to walk: it speaks, as a picturesque except a priest who would persist every day down the slopes. Here white roll, usually in all-terrain vehicles hit the initials of an NGO or a UN agency.

Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson of Roucy , portrait of Jean-Baptiste Belley, MP for Saint-Domingue , 1797

Through the presence of hundreds of institutions and organizations, and thousands of "international" Haiti shares with Cambodia, Kosovo and some other places the privilege of being under occupation UN-NGO . To determine the objectives and consequences of the imposition of de facto limited sovereignty would require, away from radicalism as hollow as the angelic droidlomiste, get to get into the skin of the proletariat by: metaphor even said quite the difficult thing, especially when we know that many Haitians rank spontaneously their countrymen on a scale of pigmentation including a dozen to twenty shades from very dark to almost white, usually avoiding each class to mix with those "from below".

Le Masurier ; black slaves in Martinique , 1775

In whatever color it is, the Haitian who was not related to a criminal power, could only welcome the role played by the moments MICIVI (Mission Preparedness in Haiti), when the UN and the OAU had imposed its installation in a country still under the jackboot of the military that overthrew Aristide. For example, at the funeral of victims of dictatorship, some participants who shouted slogans in favor of the priest who embodied the hopes of the oppressed while the slums, the church was surrounded by police and the chief had then come MICIVI All UN cars available to evacuate, hidden, people and threatened the cops could not stop them. Fleeting moment and the UN bureaucracy, where REM played the role of a power-cons. But when Aristide returned, with the support Americans, and the UN in his luggage, very quickly the second U.S. occupation had to evoke in the popular memory, bad memories of the first (1915-1934).

Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur ; Costumes Peoples:

mulatto woman from Martinique with her slave , 1804.

Now, the UN agencies represented only the crutches of a state comes to the appetites of embryonic ruling cliques that vie for power. Through the UN and NGOs, the global capitalist democracy strives to impose its standards in a society dominated so far by a purely family and clan power. With Papa Doc, we had had, through the network of Tontons Macoute, A.-M. Ans what's called a "democratization of corruption": the ability to "make services "and" piston "to take its toll on all traffic of public money, and unsold daily services that the state, in modern countries, makes it free (in exchange for the tax), this possibility was not only to members of the oligarchy (black and mulatto), but also posted a lower level . So that most families were not unhappy to have an uncle macoute in their ranks, even if these thugs were constant terror reign of torture and murder, and although Baby Doc party was settled accounts with a portion of them (but another part, of course, has managed to convert).

"Free Me" , engraving, West Indies, 1794

The UN and NGOs are now struggling to teach the standards of a social order in which class domination reach a sufficiently abstract so that everyone has the impression of being "equal in law". The result of this action is that it can happen that sanctions be taken against those who do not meet the standards in the lower ranks (police violence, for example, may be pursued). However, corruption, bribes and ownership deprivation of the state have not disappeared, they just flowed toward the top, to those who share the little that remains of state (mostly its representation to the world), members of the haute bourgeoisie, senior cleric and representatives of the middle classes they have co-opted. Simple example among others, the only web server installed in Haiti was forced to close because friends of Aristide were planning to open one soon. The ambiguity of international action seems ridiculous when public servants salaries of senior executives in North America (between 30 and 50 000 francs sometimes much more) are urging judges paid a hundred times less to give up corruption.

Julien Vallouis Villeneuve (1795-1866), Little White I like

This ambiguity becomes downright unbearable as the day when I accompanied a member of an NGO allowed into a police station to come and learn about the situation of an accused. The prisoner was one of the leaders of an organization to begin to answer a crying need for housing was occupied a vast field for the purpose of constructing a set of popular housing. The action had the support of first-Aristide mayor of the town. But then he had lost his job and the landowner, the family Meuse, one of the richest of Haiti, had managed to spare the support of Aristide and has therefore found a judge to imprison officer of the organization under a false pretext. Thus I found myself faced with custody cells where prisoners can stay up to six months and they are so crowded they are held and can never squatted lie down, and while all these black faces turned towards me through the bars, I realized that I had left to accompany my boyfriend without asking me any papers just because I'm white. For the same reason, whatever the sins I commit, I could take for granted never find myself in extreme discomfort when they were. Two hundred years after the revolt of Toussaint Louverture, I found myself in the shoes of the white face of free blacks imprisoned in inhumane conditions (and I can not say that I felt more comfortable in remembering how the people Haitian crowd knows in mass transportation beyond what I could bear). The cars marked with the initials A, which had seemed to bring with them a breath of fresh air, embody in the eyes of most people in the street as the arrogance of a bubble of wealth that they are tightly closed.

Izabella Godlewska de Aranda ; Lucia, Haiti , 1969

2. A country invented by trade (and who is bursting)

limits of the concept of "globalization" are nowhere more visible than in Haiti. Nowhere is the idea of returning to a golden age does not reveal all its ineptitude. Indeed, as we know, the country was discovered by Columbus in search of a shorter route to suck the wealth of India in the trade sector of Europe. And the Spaniards have begun to really look at this island until they saw that they were able to develop the culture of a plant may fall within this circuit: the sugar cane. The price of the genocide of the Tainos, the people who then occupied the island (operated by arms but also by disease and destruction of social ties) has begun the first period of the sugar industry, then stopped for a century when plantations of Brazil were more efficient. During this interlude, the island was abandoned to buccaneers who, far from joyous libertarian imagines the radical iconography, were small entrepreneurs dynamic and ferocious. To hunt the herds of cattle which had flourished in the island after the departure of the Spaniards who had brought them there, the Buccaneers were being manufactured specifically for ultra-modern weapons in Europe and recruited kinds of serfs among the peasantry impoverished by economic developments in western France. Thus equipped, they provided fresh meat that the buccaneers themselves, not "worked" than on geopolitical balance of power in the region, even there we are very far from Treasure Island and Robinson!

Emile Grimaud, men and women, white and black, form a circle around a man who dances . 1840-1848 to

The second period saw the sugar bring to a climax the logic of this type of monoculture completely turned to the production of a commodity for the world market: operating logic to death men - slaves transported Africa and kept in horrible conditions concentration camp - and soil (from an area was exhausted, we moved to the next). Then, as we have already said, Toussaint Louverture and his successors had ceased to reinstall the system, and it should only resistance of former slaves constituted peasantry that all of Haiti is not a desert today. But we're now further. As the ruling class was satisfied with the income of underdevelopment (as maintained by the debt service to France, resulted only in the fifties of the twentieth century) and never knew or wanted to develop local industry The country remained heavily agricultural, with subsistence crops in the hills.

The Young blacks ...

But these cultures have long ceased to feed satisfactorily rural populations. Because of population pressure first - well maintained by the priests (recall that the second character of the Haitian Catholic Church was at the beginning of the reign Duvallier Cardinal Ducaud-Bourget, who later became the leader of the fundamentalist Saint Nicolas du Chardonnet). Due also to the blockade imposed by the good people against the regime Duvallier humanitarian and, as elsewhere, has practiced exclusively at the expense of the poor: in fact, their only source of energy consisting by the charcoal, they have compounded the deforestation, soil erosion and documentation of disappearance of farmland. The deterioration of living conditions in the countryside is visible in the fact that in several regions, we went from the stage of the plow than the hoe .... Today, much of Haiti, from the air, looks like a scorched earth.

Ursula, in: Duke Augustus : Island from 1827 to 1839 Galega . History by ordering St. Elmo Duke , Paris, 1848

can even, in wooded corners, see a man blowing a horn, calling on people around a common chore. A whole literature ethnological and apologetic bloomed around "combite" traditional association of farmers. These forms of solidarity are disintegrating under the demographic pressure, but not only. In the Artibonite region that produces rice "rice country" which, officially, we are very proud, NGOs believer to do good, wanted to better integrate farmers into the commercial circuit and offered them the money perform chores decongesting channels that previously were carried out jointly. Result: cleaning the most profitable channels and the explosion of solidarity. When you know the average is now half a hectare per family of five children, rural schools refuse to take new students (they are in percent level) and especially that the American rice invaded the present market and sold much cheaper than rice country, we understand what needs to be done to the peasant: winning the city.

Negro brown knife ...

Thus, excluding land and rice fields burned, some forest areas remain, and eke out some small towns, cut off from the world not by distance but by the condition of the tracks (they are more roads , since, covering cement, more durable, it was generally preferred asphalt, more profitable for international companies), Haiti, especially two cities which swell as a result of rural exodus, Port- au-Prince and Cap Haitien. The latter city has grown in ten years, from 80,000 to five hundred thousand inhabitants. Inner cities reach levels of decomposition can be difficult to imagine. Slums grow at the periphery but also in Port-au-Prince in the gully: while the ridges are occupied by the villas of the rich, the huts of the poor are crammed hard on the slopes and collapse with first floods. No wonder there, as elsewhere, more than elsewhere, is expanding the industry of fear. Omnipresence of bars, barbed wire, equipped with private guards shotguns: Petionville, there are up to pastries.

Honoré Daumier (1808-1879); Order reigns in Jamaica

The streets are crowded with signs written, almost all in French, that the vast majority of people, Now, do not know really read, they only speak Creole - and often illiterate. The majority are shop signs that proclaim faith in God and the nature of the goods offered, "Jesus Christ King of Kings Cola Soda Clairin Rice." The other, equally ubiquitous, present only two ways to enrich themselves available to the vast majority of the population: the lottery shops (some work on the Italian football championship, on the other prints in New York or San Domingo) and schools.

Playing Card (Time of the French Revolution) ...

When I arrived, public schools were on strike. A month later, the strike had frayed a lot but was still not completed. The previous government promised an increase of 30 percent for teachers, now refused to hold the promise for all of this course on a pittance, enough to feed the family (and meanwhile, in the offices of the Ministry , the French volunteers to 50,000 francs per month to devise teaching strategies learned). So thriving private schools, where teachers tributary of the public, disgusted: the parents of the four veins bleed to send their children (you must pay for everything, including the uniform: no school without uniforms). This in the hope that the child will learn enough to earn an income that will support the family. But except in a handful of very expensive institutions, teaching is generally of low quality. Everything depends on the "by heart": the night in the towns, in the absence of electricity in most homes in most cases, we see dozens of students who seek sources lighting (stores, institutions, French alliance ...) to read for hours of French texts they often learn without understanding - since, in life, they speak Creole.

Gavarni Paul (1804-1866), illustration:

"That's a nice freedom and a beautiful country! Where a man is not only free to sell his negro. ";
Caricature, 1843

What is the outcome of the massive presence of international organizations? It is somewhat mixed, although it is likely that institutional barbarity, at least, has declined: we do not torture almost is beats more rarely, sometimes arbitrary detentions continue. Much money is distributed, which surely is also sometimes help the poorest - to help them get by, obviously not jeopardize their misery. But also the UN-NGO created here, as this set is installed wherever an artificial economy that has done much for the high cost of living, especially soaring rents of dwelling houses (the other, the dangerous shacks are built without right or title). So there are two companies who cohabit. On the one hand, the vast majority of the population, living in a precarious general, with almost no electricity, no medical care (in hospitals, if we can not afford the medicine that NGOs have given, we die), transport exhausting, no running water ( has been part of the parade Vesper, even in the cities of women and girls, sometimes boys, not men, who carry the buckets of water on the head: it was a lot of nice pictures with). On the other, the bourgeoisie and international behind their barbed wire, with their equipment and their products worldwide. Between the two, operating very weak transfer of wealth, zengledos, the bandits who use weapons of the army disbanded by Aristide sometimes kill a few rich and often kill the rich.

Illustration Charles Emile Jacques (1813-1894) in "La Caricature", 1843

addition to the presence of the bulky " ; help "Internationally, the Haitian poor must also support the drug traffickers. First, the very small but nonetheless deleterious traffickers of cocaine: five percent of what is consumed by the U.S. nostrils passes through Haiti. Coke merchants also contribute to soaring property prices, because they are wary of investing in banks and stones and earth. They also buy service stations in a country so devastated, it is quite strange to see the incredible wealth pumps, and also in supermarkets that flank them, pieces of dreams where the U.S. found that almost all goods person in the country can afford. But the worst traffickers, quantitatively and qualitatively, it is of course dealers opium of the people: religion is a major plague Haiti. I found there, as in Asia, particularly visible and pervasive, these Protestant sects of U.S. origin, with their money and desperate to eradicate communal traditions in order to impose capitalist competition as God's will. But Haiti is the great show of religion: between the reverend who, in the North, tampers with international food markets and sells food that should have been distributed to schoolchildren and the bishop who, South Command an army of peasants that sends his opponents cons promising them a pig each, except perhaps a few survivors of the theology of liberation, clergymen behave here as the worst of men power. The first of these, Aristide, a defrocked priest only, biding his time, leaving his men to act, by sabotage and intimidation, so that the elections be postponed until the presidential elections, where he hopes to finally access to supreme power. So the former liberator from yesterday may finally be openly what is already potentially means a Duvallier more presentable. But also the personality of the religious, which I think is the most serious is basically the spirit of resignation here, as elsewhere, much more here than elsewhere, religion instills.

Marie Guillemine Benoist (1768-1826); Portrait of a black woman

On many taps-taps (taxis) from Port-au Prince, you may read this message Obsessive: "Thank you Jesus." In view of the state the country, you can expect the toad of Nazareth giggling in her crib: "Not enough, guys, really nothing!"

lithograph 'Etienne Dinet (1861-1929) for "Antar", an epic poem pre-Islamic times, Paris, 1897

Block Incoming Calls On Sprint Samsung Reclaim

"Pearl" of the Caribbean ...

C e Friday, January 15, 2010, at 8:40 on i -TV, Eric Woeth, budget minister, refused to agree to pay a single cent to the Republic Haiti's ... before being organized an "international conference" by "several weeks" ...

"It's been 10 years since we accumulate disaster but it looks like a coup de grace as if an underground power had decided to remove from the world map. "

Jean-Claude Bajeux , director of the Ecumenical Center for Human Rights, in Port-au-Prince. January 2010

Ti-Jean Sandor

I am Little John Sandor

I am Prince Sandor

I'm a cock-foot-end

I Ti-Jean foot-dry

boom my heart I

On top of a palm

I serve both hands

I walk backwards

arms crossed in the back

I burst before me

loads of powder

I leave behind me

wake of a long chain

I change My West Point cadet

In a beautiful dog breed

What I bite the ear

I am a big eater

In white dogs I

A bull at one hundred seeds

I change my student at Yale

In boiler with three legs

I bakoulou-baka

[...]

Hatred never leaves my bones

Neither my blood or my skin

Even when I sleep at night

His black star opens me

Eyes that are claws

If they let me go after

In my night of gall I lierai

My muscles to those of Cyclone

And earthquakes

To swallow this bitter South

And we opened another South

In side of my Africa

Haine O my great health

I plunge my temples burning

In the blue ice from your waves

I plunge my people naked

In this proud current lustral

I plunge our tigers our spears

Our wounds our cries our thirsts

Our feathered our knives tears

In this whirlwind holy water

And here we are forever baptized

All black convicts the world

We are finally ripe

To give our plots

great white wings

As orgies of hatred

At the heart of white South!

Rene Depestre , Arc-en-ciel for the Christian West 1967

Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795) is among others the author of the abolitionist medallion represented iste nt a slave in chains:
Am I Not A Man and A Brother? The sentence was translated by the Friends of Blacks (Lafayette, Condorcet, and Claviere, Brissot ...) by " Am I not your brother? . Josiah Wedgwood was himself an ardent abolitionist ist.

read more? ... or not ...

At the eve of the French Revolution, the French colony of Saint Domingue, Haiti future, is of unparalleled prosperity. It is the world's largest producer of sugar - more than half of production - such as coffee. Its foreign trade accounts for more than a third of that of metropolitan France. A French in eight lives directly or indirectly. This opulence is built on an economic system and social organization criticized inhumane. On the eve of the French Revolution, the slave population there is 500 000 30 000 persons against whites, themselves often of low birth ... Only a small elite composed of wealthy planters, or great whites from the nobility or the bourgeoisie of the big business, led the crowd of petty officials, employees and workers, called small white and a multitude of slaves, on the eve of the Revolution are more than 30,000 each year to land on the island. The average life expectancy of these, regarded as "property" from the C ode Black does not exceed ten years ...

raised since August 1791, the inhabitants of the French part of the island of Santo Domingo (Hispaniola former and future Haiti ...), including a majority of slaves, will fight, the cost of thousands of deaths, particularly under the leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture (1746-1803), until the abolition of slavery in 1793 and proclaim the independence of the island on 1 January 1804, despite an attempt to regain control and restoration of slavery by a resolution of N. Bonaparte in 1802 and 1803, and the deportation and death of Toussaint L'Ouverture in 1803 ...

"Battle of the ridge to Pierrot", 1802

ON BEHALF OF THE FRENCH PEOPLE, Bonaparte, First Consul, Republic Act PROCLAIMS the following decree, issued by the legislative body on 30 Floreal, An X [1802], as proposed by the Government on the 27th of that month, provided the Tribunate the same day.

ORDER.

ART. I.er In the colonies returned to France under the Treaty of Amiens, 6 Germinal, An X, slavery will continue in accordance with the laws and regulations prior to 1789.

II. It will be the same in other French colonies beyond the Cape of Good Hope.

III. The slave trade and importation into the said colonies, will be held in accordance with laws and regulations existans before that time in 1789.

IV. Notwithstanding any previous laws, the regime of colonies is submitted, for ten years, the regulations which will be made by the Government.

Collated with the original, by our president and secretary of the legislative body. In Paris, 30th Floreal, year X of the French Republic. Signed the young Rabaut, President; Thiry, BERGIER, Tupinier, Rigal, secretaries.

IS this Act under the seal of the state, inserted Bulletin of the statutes, registered in the records of judicial and administrative authorities and the Minister of Justice responsible for monitoring the publication. In Paris, 10 Prairial year X of the Republic.

Signed: Bonaparte, First Consul. Cons-signed, the secretary of state, HUGH B. Maret. And the seal of the state.

Vu, the Minister of Justice, signed ABRIAL.

January Suchodolski i (1797-1875); The Battle of Saint-Domingue

Haiti, after bloody wars that have seen thousands die of his children, proclaimed on 1 January 1804 its independence. These wars have ravaged the plantations, destroyed infrastructure, eliminated the intelligentsia and leaders who can work in the construction of the Haitian nation in the post colonial era. " However, Haiti, in spite of France, becomes the first Black Republic in the history ...

January 1, 1804

PROCLAMATION TO THE NATION

General Chief of the People of Haiti

citizens

It is not enough to have expelled from your country the barbarians who have bloodied the past two centuries, it is not enough have put a stop to factional ever-recurring which in turn played the phantom of liberty that France exposed to your eyes: we must, by a last act of national authority, assure forever the empire of liberty in the country that we were born ;; must delight in inhumane government that takes our minds for a long time in the most humiliating torpor, all hope of réasservir we must at last live independent or die.

Independence or death ... that we align these sacred words, and they are fighting and the signal of our meeting.

Citizens, my countrymen, I gathered in this solemn day these courageous soldiers who gather on the eve of the last breath of freedom, have lavished their blood to save her, and these general that guided your efforts against tyranny have not yet done enough for your happiness ... French name mournful yet our country.

All recounts the memory of the cruelties of this barbarian people: our laws, our customs, our cities, but still bears the imprint French; what am I saying? there are French in our island, and you believe that free and independent republic which fought all nations, it is true, but never defeated those who wanted to be free.

What! victims over fourteen years of our gullibility and our indulgence, not defeated by the French armies, but by the pathetic eloquence of the proclamation of their agents: when we get tired of breathing the same air they? What have we in common with these people executioner? His cruelty compared moderation in our patient, color as ours, the extent of the seas that separate us, our vengeful climate, tell us plainly that they are not our brothers, they will never achieve, and if they are an asylum among us, they will still be the machinations of our troubles and our divisions.

indigenous citizens, men, women, girls and kids, wear your eye on all parts of the island, looking ahead, you, your wives, you, your husbands and you, your brothers, you, your sisters, what am I saying? Looking to your children, your children at the breast, what are they now? ... I shudder to say ... the prey of these vultures.

Instead of these interesting victims, your eye perceives dismayed that their murderers that tigers still dripping blood, and whose horrible presence you reproach your insensibility and your slowness to avenge them guilty. What do you expect to soothe their souls? Remember that you wished that your remains rest beside those of your fathers, when you hunted tyranny; you descend into their tombs without having avenged? No! their bones grow back your own.

And you, precious men, intrepid generals, who, indifferent to your own misfortunes, have resurrected liberty by lavishing all your blood, know that you did nothing, if you do not give nations a terrible example, but just for vengeance to be exercised by a people proud to have regained his freedom and jealous to maintain it; alarming that anyone would dare try to rob us again, let us begin by the French ... They tremble in addressing our shores, if not by the recollection of the cruelties they have performed, at least by the terrible resolution that we will take to devote to death anyone born French sully his sacrilegious foot the territory of freedom .

We dared to be free, dare to be by ourselves and for ourselves. Imitate the growing child: his own weight breaks the edge that it becomes useless and the obstacles in his way. What nation has fought for us? what people would reap the fruits of our labors? And what dishonorable absurdity than to vanquish to be slaves. Slaves! ... Let the French this qualifying epithet: they have vanquished to cease to be free.

Walk on other tracks, which imitate these people, carrying their solicitude till about the future and dreading to leave to posterity the example of cowardice, preferred be exterminated only scratched the number of free peoples.

Let us, however, that the spirit of proselytism does not destroy our work; let our neighbors breath in peace, they live peacefully under the aegis of the laws they have made and will not, firebrand revolutionaries, we criminalizing legislators Caribbean, to include our glory to disturb the rest of the islands are close to us and they did not, like the one we inhabit, was sprinkled with the innocent blood of their inhabitants, they have no vengeance to exercise against the authority that protects them.

Happy have never known the ideals that we have destroyed, they can only do our best wishes for prosperity.

Peace to our neighbors, but anathema to the French name, eternal hatred to France: this is our cry.

natives of Haiti! my fortunate destiny reserved me to be one day the sentinel who had to ensure the custody of the idol to which you sacrifice, I have watched, fought sometimes alone, and if I was lucky enough to call into your hands the sacred trust that you gave me, remember that it is now to keep it. Fighting for your freedom, I worked on my own happiness. Before the consolidation by laws that ensure free your individuality, your leaders, which I assemble here, and myself, we owe you the last proof of our dedication.

Generals, and you leaders, gathered here near me for the happiness of our country, the day has come, this day should perpetuate our glory, our independence.

If it could exist among us a warm heart, he walks away and tremble to pronounce the oath that must unite us. Swear to the entire universe, to posterity, to ourselves, to renounce forever to France and to die rather than live under its domination until the last breath to fight for the Independence of our country.

And you, unfortunate people too long, witness the oath that we speak, remember that it is on your perseverance and your courage that I counted when I launched the career of freedom in order to combat the despotism and tyranny against which you struggled for 14 years. Remember that I sacrificed everything to fly to your defense: parents, children, fortune, and now I'm richer than your freedom, that my name has become a horror to all people who want the slavery, and that the despots and tyrants do not pronounce that, cursing the day I was born, and if ever you refused or received while murmuring the laws that the genius that ensures your destiny will dictate me for your happiness you deserve the fate of ungrateful peoples. But away from me this horrible idea; you will support the freedom that you cherish and support the leader who command you. So ready in my hands the oath to live free and independent, and prefer death to anything that would tend to put you under the yoke. Finally swears to continue forever the traitors and enemies of your independence.

Done headquarters of Gonaïves, January 1 million eight hundred and-four, l year of Independence.

Signed: JJ DESSALINES

ACT OF INDEPENDENCE

Indigenous Army

Today, I January 1804, the Commander in Chief of the native army, accompanied by army generals, summoned for the purpose of taking measures tending to the happiness of the country;

After having made known to the assembled generals his true intentions to ensure never natives of Haiti a stable government, the object of his deepest solicitude, which he did by a speech which tends to make known to foreign powers The resolution to make the country independent, and enjoy the liberty consecrated by the blood of the people of this island, and after obtaining the opinion, requested that each of the assembled generals to pronounce a vow never to abandon the France, to die rather than live under his rule, and fight till the last gasp for Independence.

The generals, imbued with these sacred principles, after giving a unanimous voice their commitment to a well manifested project of independence, have all sworn to posterity, to the Universe to renounce forever to France, and to die rather than live under its domination.

Made in Gonaives, l January 1804 and the first of the Independence of Haiti.

Signed: Dessalines, the general in chief, Christophe, Petion, Clervaux, Geffrard Vernet Gabart, major generals, P. Romano, E. Gerin, F. Capoix, Daut, JL Francis, Férou Cange, L. Bazelais, Magloire Ambroise, JJ Herne, Toussaint Brave, Yayou, brigadier generals, Bonnet, F. Papalia, Morelly, Knight, Marion, adjutant-general; Magny, Roux, chief brigade Charéron, B. Loret, Qenez, Makajoux, Dupuis, Carbon, Diaquoi elder Raphael Mallet Derenoncourt, army officers, and Boisrond Thunder, Secretary.

PROCLAMATION OF GENERAL

On behalf of the People of Haiti

We generals and army chiefs of the island of Hayti, thankful for the blessings we have experienced-in-chief Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the protector freedom enjoyed by the people, the name of freedom, on behalf of Independence, on behalf of the people he made happy, we proclaim the Governor General for life on the island of Hayti, we swear to blindly obey the laws emanating from its authority, the only one we recognize, we give him the right to peace, war, to appoint his successor.

Done headquarters of Gonaïves, January 1, 1804, 1st Independence Day.

Signed: Gabart, P. Roman, JJ Herne Capoix, Christopher, Geffrard, E. Gerin, Vernet, Petion, Clervaux, JL Francis, Cange, Férou Yayou, Toussaint Brave, Magloire Ambroise, L. Bazelais.

... Throughout the 19th century, many loans were made. These loans were used to build a nation newly liberated from the yoke of slavery and ravaged by war, have only served to strengthen the power of domination of the bourgeois classes. This is the time of the "international conspiracy" by the colonial powers who saw in the independence of Haiti a bad example for other colonies. Haiti was isolated from the rest of the world. She had to borrow money from the colonial powers to pay the debt of independence. The consequences of this denigration by the "great powers" are felt until today.

In 1825, then burst in on the day after the evils of war and the disadvantaged, the notament small farmers, struggling to enjoy the rights for which they had fought the French king, Charles X, requires the Haitian government of Jean Pierre Boyer, the payment of a sum equivalent to 150 million gold francs (U.S. $ 30 million ).

CHARLES, by the grace of God, King of France and Navarre, to all present and future, hello.

Considering Articles 14 and 73 of the Charter;

Wanting to assure that claims the benefit of French commerce, the misfortunes of former colonists in Santo Domingo, and the precarious state of the current inhabitants of this island;

We ordered and ordain as follows:

Art. 1. Ports of the French part of Santo Domingo will open trade with all nations.

The fees in these ports or on ships or on the goods, both at entry and exit will be equal and uniform for all flags except the French flag, for which these rights will be halved.

Art. 2. The current inhabitants of the French part of Santo Domingo will contribute to the fund Federal Deposit France, in five installments from year to year, the first term due December 31, 1825, one hundred fifty million francs, intended to compensate the former settlers who claim compensation.

Art. 3. We concede to these conditions by this Order, the current inhabitants of the French part of Santo Domingo, independence full of their government.

And this order will be the great seal.

Given at Paris at the Tuileries, April 17 in the year of grace 1825, and our first rule.

General Toussaint Louverture

April 17, 1825, the order of King Charles X of France recognizes the independence of the so former colony against a "compensation independence "under pain of a new French occupation (... France had sent for this purpose a fleet of 14 military vessels off the coast of the island ...). Since 1814, the party Haitian (President Petion) had proposed this transaction with France to obtain formal recognition, and secure the independence proclaimed in 1804 ... (at this large sum could be used to repair the damage caused by years of war to build schools for the education of thousands of children, provide services adequate health care to the population, etc. ...). Indeed, virtually no country has recognized the independence on that date.

Yves Michaud ; Girls Anna , 1992

Indemnity, we said, is estimated at a negotiated amount of initial 150 million francs, which will be reduced to 90 million in 1838, the Haitian authorities will eventually pay in 1886, after 61 years ... This money was intended to compensate French settlers for their lost properties. But only 11,000 of over 25,000 persons compensated are former colonists. The others are heirs to whom the French banks seek reimbursement of loans to their parents for the purchase of land and slaves. This will then finally the French banks to be the main beneficiaries of this odious blackmail.

Cliché anonymous January 2010

These are the Haitian exports to the year 1823 that are served basis. 30 million gold francs 15 million have been subtracted for the costs of production. He then applied a traditional French property valuation to 10 years of net operating income, 150 million. At that time it was observed that this was the only total exports of the colony in 1789. It also seems that the Haitian government relied on a wealth of 250 million amassed by King Christophe, and the performance of gold mines in the eastern part of the island that had just been occupied. But exports were declining, only 10 million treasury Christophe were recovered, and gold mines were found dead. Moreover, the surplus of the country was very low, as acknowledged by the lending banks of the Haitian State (bank Laffite ...)

Master Greg ory Bull, January 2010

It is estimated that this is the heavy burden of debt which led in 1910 to purchase a significant portion of the Bank of the Republic Haiti by the U.S. bank National City . An operation that will the prelude to the American occupation of the island from 1915 to 1934. It is indeed a complaint of non-repayment of debts from U.S. banks that formally initiated the transaction.

Cliché anonymous January 2010

It should be noted that the United States has used the pretext of the Haitian agreement on the payment of allowance to maintain their refusal to recognize the State of Haiti. A position that is related to racial prejudice against blacks at the time, and the new Monroe Doctrine . It was only in 1862 that the U.S. will recognize Haiti. This decision under the presidency of Abraham Lincoln coincides with his Emancipation Proclamation which ended slavery in the United States.

Cliché, Juan Barreto, January 2010

April 7, 2003, in conjunction with street demonstrations of the Lavalas movement who chanted "Restitisyon", the President Aristide asks the restoration by France of the independence allowance. He believes the discounted amount to about 20 billion Euros. On June 2, 2003 President Jacques Chirac says "I the greatest sympathy for the country and its people. And we have additional, significant cooperation in Haiti and we bring substantial help. Before evoke litigation of this nature, I would urge Haitian authorities to be very vigilant about, I would say, criminal and anti-democratic actions and their regime . Following the departure of Aristide in February 2004, the new Prime Minister Gerard Latortue says abandon this request ...

Can My Vodafone Prepaid Work On Blackbery

... Next party ...

Jean-Francois de Troy (1679-1752); Lunch Oyster , 1734

In Paris, this [Sunday] April 26, 1671


I t is Sunday, April 26, this letter did not leave until Wednesday, but this is not a letter, it is a relationship that has just Moreuil do, your intention, what happened at Chantilly affecting Vatel. I wrote to you on Friday he had stabbed, and here the matter in detail.

King arrived Thursday evening. Hunting, lanterns, the moonlight, walking, snack in a place carpeted with daffodils, all this was to perfection. They supped. There were a few tables where the roast fail, due to several dinners where we had not expected. It takes Vatel. He said several times: "I'm lost honor here is an affront that I can not bear. He told Gourville: "My head is spinning, there are twelve nights I've slept. Help me to give orders. "Gourville relieved as he could. Roast which had failed, not the King's table, but the twenty-fifth, he always returned to the head. Gourville said Mr. Prince *. Mr. Prince went into his room and said: "Vatel, all goes well, nothing was so beautiful that the King's supper. He said: "Sir, your kindness cut me off and I know that the roast has failed at two tables. - Not at all, "said Mr. Prince, do not be angry all is well. "The night cometh. The fireworks do not succeed, and he was covered in a cloud. It cost sixteen thousand francs. At four o'clock in the morning Vatel goes everywhere and it is fast asleep. He meets a small purveyor who brought him only two loads of fish, he asked: "Is that all? He said: "Yes, sir. He did not know that Vatel had sent to all seaports waiting some time, other providers do not come. His head grew heated, he believes he has no other tide.

Lancret Nicolas (1690-1743); lunch in a park, ca 1735

Gourville He finds him and said: "Sir, I will not survive this affront to it; I have the honor and reputation to lose. "Laughed Gourville him. Vatel goes up to her room, puts his sword against the door, and passes through the heart, but it was not until the third shot, because he gave them two that were not fatal and he fell dead. The tide, however, comes from all sides. Vatel is sought for distribution. It goes to his room. It knocks you down the door, it is found drowned in his blood. They ran to Mr. Prince, who was in despair. ** Mr. Duke wept as it was upon Vatel rolled his whole journey to Burgundy. Mr. Prince said the King very sadly. It said it was from having the honor in his own way; we rented box. It blamed and praised his courage. The King said there were five years he delayed coming to Chantilly, because he understood the excesses of this embarrassment. He tells the Prince that he should have only two tables and load point does everything else: he swore he would suffer more than Mr. Prince, and usat. But it was too late for poor Vatel. However Gourville task of repairing the loss of Vatel, and it was. We dined very well, we had snack, we supped, they walked, they played, they were hunting. Everything was fragrant daffodils, all were delighted. [...]

From a letter to his daughter, Mrs. Grignan,
of Madam Marquise de Sevigne (Marie-Chantal of Rabutin, 1626-1696)

Jean-Francois de Troy (1679-1752); Lunch hunting , 1737

* The Prince of Conde, a relative of the king, prince of the blood of the house Bourbon-Conde
** Le Duc d'Enghien, son of the Prince de Conde