Pirate Toy Chest Planes

... The art of retirement to deal with not a circle ... : Become launcher cobblestones! Travel

The Goal of any political association is the conservation of natural and inalienable rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression .

Article II of the Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789

The Funniest Diseases

Tip me fooled

I return home to rest at home on leave the weekend just to see the Google logo in honor of the thirty years of Pac Man is playable and I love it!
For hospitalization, it is going better than last time. Plus, I'm in the bedroom of a girl in a wheelchair because of an ulcer at the ankle which dates back 12 years and is a kidney graft, so it helps my own problems into perspective when I see his courage and humor.
I have no prescribed length of stay but I think I'll stay until my employer sends me a few recommended ... I need the cocoon of the clinic waiting, it feels a bit like an air bag between my life before and one that I will lead next.

I got a little violence going to see my former colleagues on a Saturday, a day when there are many, but it went well. I am still comforted by the therapy shopping. I took some fancy buttons ( on a whim), balls of cotton to make me a tank top with a cream lace trim with burgundy iridescent black pearls, black pearls iridescent, so. More than one or two squares Conte and paper. And a dress with straps and a blue Klein tube top in shades of blue with a design embroidered in black beads. Plus a string of pearls smeared black spots of color like paint, a necklace with butterflies and a necklace with charms, including a bird. Fortunately I do not go out every day! because we must not forget that I am not paid at this time.


There have been changes to the clinic. Rounds at 6-7 in the morning to check that is all there are fewer, the nurses have games in the afternoon (when it comes to finding a complete, since it still lacks an element more or less) there are even small workshops, such as when aides gave us a small jar with homemade cakes. And provided them to the evening and it was not my sharpest instruments that have the potential to be really bad, I use my right hook if I go to the infirmary at night.
However, most activities are done in OT, so I will ask for a prescription to my therapist. I want to feel the fimo make a ring anemone. And I dreamed of a silk scarf with a blend of dusty pink, low-saturated and more and more diluted as it goes, with a tree whose trunk ball is composed of mixtures of gray ripples and the leaves are diamond shaped, like kites, in shades of red and purple. And we found two birds with long branches such as peacocks, in shades of peacock blue, precisely, as well as petroleum, one of the birds standing in the tree while the other will lift off.

All that to say that, despite some low, as Friday when I was completely disconnected and numb from the drugs, morale is pretty good.

Kates Playground Raven Riley Full Set

circumterrestrial / 2 ... Enlightenment opposed to the barbarism of faith ... Travel

If I want one water in Europe is the wane

Black cold pool where into the scented twilight

A child squatting full of sadness,

A boat as fragile as a butterfly in May.

A. Rimbaud, The Drunken Boat

RRIVÉE A CAVITY. HOW WE'VE RECEIVED BY THE COMMANDER OF THE PLACE. Mr. Boutin, lieutenant, IS SENT TO THE GOVERNOR GENERAL TO MANILA. HOME WHO'S DONE THAT OFFICER. DETAILS AND CAVITY ON ITS ARSENAL. DESCRIPTION OF MANILA AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. ITS PEOPLE. DISADVANTAGES RESULTING FROM THE GOVERNMENT WHICH IS ESTABLISHED. PENANCE WE ARE WITNESSES DURING THE HOLY WEEK. TAX ON TOBACCO. CREATION OF NEW COMPANY IN THE PHILIPPINES. THOUGHTS ON THIS PROPERTY. DETAILS OF THE PHILIPPINES southern islands. WAR WITH CONTINUOUS OR Mohammedans MORES OF THESE DIFFERENT ISLANDS. STAY IN MANILA. STATE MILITARY ISLAND LUÇON.

[February 1787]

[Lapérouse gives here Details of the warm welcome he has done in Cavite, the Governor General's orders so that the browser requests are met before April 5, plan the trip that required two frigates leave the 10th of this month.]

Map of discoveries made in 1787 in the seas of China and Tartary, by the French frigate Compass and the Astrolabe since their departure from Manila until their arrival in Kamchatka. First sheet. Engraved by Bouclet. Written by Herault. Atlas Voyage de la Perouse no. 43. (Paris: Imprimerie of the Republic, An V, 1797)

C Avita, three leagues in the south-west of Manila, was once a sizable, but the Philippines and Europe, large cities pumping somewhat small, and there remains today as the commander of the arsenal, a purser, two lieutenants of the port, the commander of the garrison, one hundred and fifty men of the garrison and the officers attached to this troop.

Part of the South Sea between the Philippines and California after the Card found on the English galleon taken by Admiral Anson in 1743, which represents the state of knowledge at the time, and the roads usually followed the galleons in their voyage from Manila to Acapulco. Part of the South Sea between the Philippines and California from another card to La Perouse English communicated in its relaxes in Monterey, on which he had traced his route and the Islands he had recognized, notes on those that had not recovered. Atlas Voyage de la Perouse no. 65. (Paris: Imprimerie de la Republic, An V, 1797)

All other inhabitants are mestizo or Indian, attached to the arsenal, and together with their families is usually very large, a population of about four thousand souls, scattered throughout the city and the suburb of Saint-Roch. There are two churches and three monasteries, each occupied by two monks, though thirty might accommodate comfortably. The Jesuits had once a very beautiful house, and the trading company newly established by the Government has taken possession. In general, you can not see but ruins; the old stone buildings are abandoned or occupied by Indians who do repair point, and Cavite, the second city of the Philippines, the capital of a province its name, is today a wicked village where he remains of other Spaniards as military officers or directors. But if the city does the sight a heap of ruins, it is not the same port, where Mr. Bermuda, Brigadier of the naval forces, the commander, established order and discipline that are regret that his talents were exercised on such a small theater. All his workers are Indian, and he is absolutely the same workshops as we see in our arsenals in Europe. This officer, of the same grade as the Governor-General, no details below him, and his conversation has shown us that there was perhaps not beyond his knowledge. Everything we asked him was granted with infinite grace, forges, the poulierie, topping worked for several days for our frigates. Mr Bermuda warned our desires, and his friendship was even more flattering to his character we felt he did not easily granted, this principles of austerity he announced he may have damaged his military fortunes . As we could not flatter also meet a port as convenient, Mr. Langle and I resolved to visit our entire rig and décapeler our guys. This precaution did not entail any loss of time, since we need to wait at least a month, the various provisions which we had prepared the statement to the superintendent of Manila.

Two days after our arrival in Cavite, we embarked for the capital with Mr. Langle, we were accompanied by several officers. We spent half past two to the route in our canoes, which were armed soldiers because of the Moors which Manila Bay is often infested. We made our first visit to the governor, who kept us to dinner and gave us his captain of the guards to take us to the Archbishop, the steward and the various oidores . It was not for us one of the least strenuous days of the campaign. The heat was extreme and we were walking in a city where all citizens do not go by car, but there is no such rent as at Batavia, and without Mr. Sebire, a French merchant, who, informed by Random we arrived in Manila sent us his carriage, we would have had to abandon several visits that we had proposed to do.

The city of Manila, including its suburbs, is very considerable and it is estimated the population at thirty-eight thousand, among which there are only a thousand or twelve hundred Spaniards and the rest are mestizos, Indians or Chinese, cultivating the arts and acting all kinds of industry. The less wealthy English families have one or more cars, two very fine horses cost thirty dollars, their food and wages of six dollars a box per month: thus there is no country where the expense of a coach is less significant and at the same time more necessary. The environs of Manila are delightful, the most beautiful river meanders and is divided into various channels including the two main leads to the famous Laguna de Bay or lake, which is seven leagues in the interior, surrounded by over a hundred Indian villages located in the middle of the most fertile territory.

Manila, built on the edge of the bay with his name that has more than twenty-five leagues in circumference, is at the mouth of a navigable river to the lake from which it draws its source, perhaps the city of the world's most happily situated. All edible therein in greater abundance and cheaper, but the clothing, hardware stores in Europe, the furniture sold there at an excessive price. The default of emulation, the prohibitions, the genes of every species placed on the trade to make the products and goods from India and China at least as expensive as in Europe, and the colony, although various taxes related the tax authorities nearly eight hundred thousand dollars, still costs each year Spain fifteen hundred thousand books are sent from Mexico. The vast possessions of the Spaniards in America did not allow the government to address essentially the Philippines and are still as great lords of the land, which would remain idle and yet the fortunes of several families.

"A native tribe near Jolo" Snapshot 1926

I will not fear to advance a great nation that would colony for the Philippine Islands, and who would establish the best government they can include, without envy could see all the settlements in Africa and America.

Girl of the Philippines shot 1920

Three million people live in these different islands of Luzon and that contains almost one third. These people do not seem to me in no way inferior to those of Europe, where they cultivate the land with intelligence, are carpenters, blacksmiths, silversmiths, weavers, masons, etc.. I traveled to their villages, I found them good, hospitable, affable And though the Spaniards speak with contempt and treat them well, I recognized that the defects they place on the Indians' behalf must be charged to the government they have established among them. We know that the greed of gold and spirit of conquest which the Spaniards and the Portuguese were driven two centuries ago did go to Raiders of the two nations in various seas and islands in both hemispheres in one view to meet this rich metal.

Costumes of the inhabitants of Manila. Designed by Duchy of Vancy. Engraved by Dupréel. L. Aubert scripsit.
Atlas Voyage de la Perouse, no. 42. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

Some rivers gold and neighborhood grocery determined him to be the first institutions in the Philippines, but the product does not answer the expectations that it was designed. At the greed of those reasons was seen succeed enthusiasm of religion, many religious orders were all sent to preach Christianity, and the harvest was so abundant that we soon had eight or nine hundred Christians in these different islands. If zeal had been informed of a little philosophy, it was probably the system most adequate to the conquest of the Spaniards and to make this facility useful to the metropolis, but they thought only to Christians and never citizens. This people was divided into parishes and practices subject to the most minute and most extravagant every mistake, every sin is still punishable by lashes, the failure to prayer and is priced at mass, and the punishment is administered to men or women at the door of the church by order of the priest. Parties, fraternities, devotions occupy a specific time very considerable, and as in hot heads even more exalted than in temperate climates, I saw, during Holy Week, masked penitents dragging chains through the streets, legs and kidneys wrapped in a bundle of thorns, and receive at each station before the church doors or in front of shrines, several shots of discipline and finally undergo penance as stringent as those of the fakirs of India. These practices best suited to make that real enthusiastic devotees, are now forbidden by the Archbishop of Manila, but it is likely that some confessors advise even if they do not ordain.

To monastic system, which irritates the heart and convinces a little too much about what people already sluggish through the influence of climate and lack of need, that life is a passage and the goods of this world of useless, joins the inability to sell the fruits of the earth with an advantage that compensates for the job. Thus, when all people have enough rice, sugar, vegetables necessary for their subsistence, the rest is no more Price: we have seen, in these circumstances, the sugar being sold less than a penny a pound, and rice remain on earth without being harvested. I think it would be difficult for the company most devoid of lights to imagine a more absurd system of government that governs these colonies for two centuries. The port of Manila, to be frank and open to all nations, was, until recently, closed to Europeans and open only a few Moors, Armenians and Portuguese from Goa. The most despotic authority is vested in the Governor. The hearing is expected to moderate, is powerless before the will of representative of the English government and can not in law but in fact, receive or confiscate the goods of foreigners that the hope of a profit has led to Manila, and does it state that the appearance of a very large profit, which is ruinous to the truth to consumers. We do enjoy any freedom: the inquisitors and the monks monitor consciences, oidores all private affairs, the governor approaches the most innocent, a stroll along the interior of the island, a conversation is within its jurisdiction, and finally, the finest and most beautiful countries in the world is certainly the last a free man wished to live. I saw in Manila this honest and righteous governor of the Marianas, this Mr. Tobias, too celebrated for his repose by the Abbe Raynal, I saw him pursued by the monks who have raised against his wife in the painting as an infidel and has asked to part with him for not living with a supposed reprobate, and all fans applauded the resolution. Mr. Tobias was a lieutenant colonel of the regiment forming the garrison of Manila and is recognized as the best officer in the country, but the governor ordered that his salary, which are quite considerable, would remain in his pious wife and he has left twenty -six dollars per month just for their livelihood and that of his son. This brave soldier, reduced to despair, watched the moment of escape from the colony to go to seek justice. A very wise law, but unfortunately without effect, which should moderate this excessive authority, is that which allows each citizen to sue the governor veteran before his successor, but it is interested

to excuse everything that criticizes its predecessor, and the citizen temerity to complain is exposed to new and stronger insults.

most revolting distinctions are established and maintained with the utmost severity. The number of horses harnessed to the car is fixed for each state, the drivers must stop before the greatest number, and the caprice of a single oidor can hold his car in line behind all those who have the misfortune to on the same path. So many flaws in this government, so many humiliations that are the result, however, could completely destroy the advantages of climate, farmers still have an air of happiness that does not exist in our villages of Europe, their houses are a wonderful clean, shaded by fruit trees that grow without cultivation. The tax paid by each family head is very moderate, it is limited to five reals and a half there, including the rights of the Church perceived that the nation and all the bishops, canons and priests are paid by the government, but they established a perquisite that compensates their low salaries.

A terrible scourge has been rising for several years and threatens to destroy the remains of happiness is the tobacco tax, these people have a passion so immoderate to smoke this narcotic that is not of moment in the day when a man, a woman has a cigarro to mouth, children barely out of the cradle contract this habit. Tobacco Luzon island is the best in Asia, each cultivated in around his house for consumption, and the small number of foreign vessels that had permission to deal in Manila, carrying in all parts of the India.

A prohibitory law has been enacted, the tobacco of each individual was torn and confined in areas where we do not grow more than for the benefit of the nation. We set the price to half a dollar a pound, and although consumption is enormously reduced, the balance of the day laborer is not enough to get his family tobacco they consume each day. All residents generally agree that two dollars of tax, added to the poll of taxpayers, would have rendered the treasury a sum equal to the sale of tobacco and would not cause the disorders that it has produced. Insurgencies have threatened all parts of the island, the troops were used to compress them, an army Clerk is bribed to prevent smuggling and force consumers to turn to national offices, and several were massacred, but they were promptly vindicated by the courts, which hear Indians with much less formality than other citizens. It remains finally a starter for which the smaller fermentation could give a dangerous activity, and there is no doubt that a hostile people who have projects of conquest should find an Indian army at his command the day that they bring guns and that he set foot on the island. The table that we could trace the status of Manila in a few years would be very different that of its current state if the government of Spain to the Philippines adopted a better constitution. The earth refuses any of the most valuable productions, nine hundred thousand persons of both sexes in Luzon can be encouraged to cultivate, this climate can do ten silk harvests per year, while China lets just hope the two.

cotton, indigo, sugar cane, coffee born without culture in the footsteps of inhabitant who disdains. Any announcement that the grocery there would be no less than those of the Moluccas: absolute freedom of trade for all nations would ensure a rate that would encourage all cultures, a moderate duty on all exports would, in very few years at all costs government, religious freedom granted to the Chinese, with some privileges, soon attracted to this island one hundred thousand inhabitants of the eastern provinces of their empire, the tyranny of the mandarins in hunting. If to these advantages the Spaniards joined the conquest of Macao, their institutions in Asia and the benefits that derive their trade would certainly be more significant than those the Dutch in the Moluccas and Java .[...]

Spaniards have few institutions across the islands south of Luzon, but they seem to be there that suffered, and their situation in Luzon is not binding on the inhabitants of other islands to recognize their sovereignty, they are, instead, always at war. These so-called Moors which I mentioned earlier, that infest their coasts, which are so frequent raids lead to slavery and the Indians of both sexes submitted to the Spaniards, are the inhabitants of Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, which recognize only the authority of their princes individuals improperly appointed as sultans that these people are called Moors and Malays are genuinely embraced Mohammedanism, about the same time when we began to preach Christianity in Manila. The Spaniards were called Moors, sultans and their rulers, because of their religious identity with that of the African peoples of that name, enemies of Spain for centuries. The only military establishment of the Spaniards in the southern Philippines is one of the island of Samboangan Mindanao, where they maintain a garrison of one hundred and fifty men commanded by a military governor, the appointment of the Governor General of Manila there are other islands in a few villages defended by bad batteries, manned by militias and controlled by alcaldes, as the Governor General, but that could be taken among all classes of citizens which are not military, the real masters of the various islands are located where the English villages would soon have destroyed had they not of great interest to preserve them. These Moors are at peace in their own islands, but they ship buildings to hack on the coast of Luzon, and the alcaldes buy large numbers of slaves made by the pirates, which frees them to take them to Batavia, where they did find that much lower price. These details better paint the weakness of the Philippine government that all the arguments of different travelers. Readers will find that the Spaniards are too weak to protect trade their possessions and all their benefits to these peoples have been, until now, subject to their happiness in the afterlife.

We spent a few days in Manila, and the governor who took leave of us soon after lunch for a siesta, we had the freedom to go to Mr. Sebire, who gave us the services most essential during our stay in Manila Bay.

[The browser then leases the qualities of Mr. Sebire, a trader formerly located in Macao.]

We returned to our boats to ten pm and were back to aboard our frigates to eight hours, but, fearing that, while we occupy ourselves in Cavite repair of our buildings, contractors biscuit flour, etc.., does not make us victims of the slow regular traders of their nation I felt obliged to order an officer to move to Manila and go every day to see the different suppliers that we had sent the steward. I selected Vaujuas M., lieutenant, on board the Astrolabe , but soon the officer wrote me that his stay in Manila was useless, Mr. Gonsoles Carvagnal, superintendent of the Philippines, gave care if individuals for us he was going himself every day to see the progress of the workers who worked for our frigates, and that vigilance was as active as if he himself is part of the expedition. His kindness, his attentions we require a public testimony of gratitude. His cabinet of natural history has been opened to all naturalists, to whom he expressed his various collections in the three kingdoms of nature. At the time of our departure, I received from him a complete and double shells found in the seas of the Philippines. His desire to be helpful has focused on everything that could interest us.

[Come the Bills of Exchange in Macau confirming the sale of otter pelts bought at the Port of French and allowing Lapérouse to distribute the funds corresponding to the sailors.]

The heat of Manila began to produce some bad effects on the health of our crews. Some sailors were attacked with colic which did not follow, however unfortunate. But MM. Lamanon and Daigremont, who had made a beginning of Macao dysentery caused probably removed by perspiration away from earth to find relief from their illness, saw their condition worsen to the point that Mr. Daigremont was hopeless on the twenty-third day after our arrival and died on the twenty-fifth, was the second person died of illness aboard the Astrolabe , and a misfortune of this kind had not yet been tested on Compass, though perhaps our crew had enjoyed a generally less healthy than those of another frigate. It should be noted that the servant who had perished in the crossing from Chile to Easter Island had embarked consumptive and Mr. Langle had yielded to the desire of his master who had hoped that the sea air and warm countries would operate his recovery. As for Mr. Daigremont, despite his doctors and unbeknownst to his comrades and friends, he wanted to cure her illness with water spirits burned, peppers and other remedies to which the man more robust could not resist and he fell victim to his imprudence and tricks of the too good opinion he had of his temperament.

On 28 March, all our work was finished Cavite, our canoes built, repaired our sails, rigging visited, frigates caulked and cured meats as a whole put in barrels. [...] And our confidence in the method of Captain Cook was very large and, accordingly, it was given to each salter a copy of Captain Cook's method and we surveillâmes this new kind of work. We were aboard the salt and vinegar in Europe and we n'achetâmes Spaniards as pigs at a very moderate price.

View of Cavite in Manila Bay. Designed by Duchy of Vancy. Engraved Simonet.
Atlas Voyage de la Perouse, no. 41. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

communications between Manila and China are so frequent that every week, we received news from Macao and we learned with the most surprise arrival in the Canton River, the vessel Resolution, commanded by M. d'Entrecasteaux, and that of the frigate Subtle the orders of Mr. La Croix de Castries. These buildings, when the parties Batavia northeast monsoon was in his power, had high east of the Philippines, had rubbed New Guinea, through seas filled with pitfalls that they had no map and, after a voyage of seventy days from Batavia, had managed finally to the entrance of the Canton River, where they had wet the day after our departure. Astronomical observations they made during this trip will be well for a better knowledge of these seas, always open to buildings that have missed the monsoon, and it is astonishing that our East India Company had made choice, to order the ship that missed his trip this year, a captain who had no knowledge of this road.

Manila

I received a letter from Mr. D'Entrecasteaux, who informed me of the reasons for his journey, and shortly after, the frigate Subtle itself brought me to other news.

In September 1791 a research mission, commanded by Admiral D'Entrecasteaux was rushed into
the South Pacific. Two barges it up: The Search and L ' Hope .

Mr. La Croix de Castries, who had doubled the Cape of Good Hope with Calypso, we learned the news from Europe, but these new dated April 24 and had yet to our curiosity a space of one year to regret, and indeed, our friends, our families had not taken this opportunity to write to us and, in the state of peace where there was Europe, the interest of public events was a little weak with the one who fed our fears and hopes. So we had yet another way to get our letters in France. The Subtle was fairly well equipped to give Mr. La Croix de Castries to repair some of the loss of soldiers and officers that we made in America, he gave four men with an officer on each vessel; Mr. Guyet , ensign was flown on the Compass, and M. Gobien, custody of the navy on the Astrolabe . This increase was much needed and we had less than eight officers of our departure from France, will include Mr. St. Ceran, the total collapse of his health forced me to return to France on the island of subtle, all Surgeons have said that it was impossible to continue the journey.

Sarambeau, fishing raft of Manila. Designed by Blondel. Engraved by Masquelier. L. Aubert scripsit.
Atlas Voyage de la Perouse, no. 58. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

However, our food had been loaded at the time that we had determined, but the Holy Week, which suspends any business in Manila , occasioned some delay provisions in our special, and I was forced to set my starting Monday after Easter. As the northeast monsoon was still very strong, the sacrifice of three or four days could undermine the success of the expedition.

Parao, boat passage from Manila. Designed by Blondel. Engraved by Masquelier. L. Aubert scripsit.
Atlas Voyage de la Perouse, no. 58. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

[Here follow the results obtained by the observatory erected in the garden of the governor.]

Prior to sailing, I felt obliged to go with Mr. Langle do our appreciation to Governor-General of the speed with which his orders were executed, and, more particularly still, the steward of which we received many expressions of interest and benevolence. These duties completed, we took advantage of both a stay of forty-eight hours in Mr. Sebire to visit by canoe or by car near Manila. It does not encounter great houses, or parks or gardens, but nature is so beautiful that a mere Indian village on the edge of the river, home to Europe, surrounded by some trees form a picturesque sight more than our most magnificent castles, and the less vivid imagination is always painted on the side of this happiness cheerful simplicity. The Spaniards are almost all in use to leave the residence of the city after the Easter holidays and spend the hot season in the country. They did not try to embellish a country that did not need art, a clean and spacious house, built on the waterfront, with very convenient bathroom, also with no avenues without gardens but shaded with fruit trees: this is the home of the richest citizens, and it would be one of the places of the earth more livable if a more moderate government and some prejudices more assured under the civil liberty of every citizen. The fortifications of Manila have been increased by the Governor General under the direction of Mr. Sauze, clever engineering, but the garrison is small; it is, in peacetime, in a single infantry regiment of two battalions, each consisting of a grenadier company and eight marines, the two battalions in all thirteen hundred effective men. This regiment is Mexican, all soldiers are the color of mulattoes; it ensures they do yield point value and intelligence to European troops. There are more than two companies of artillery, commanded by a lieutenant-colonel, and each consisting of eighty men, a captain with the officers, a lieutenant, an ensign and a supernumerary, three companies of dragoons, forming a squadron of one hundred fifty cavalry, commanded by the oldest of three captains, and finally, a militia battalion of twelve hundred men, and resulted formerly raised by very wealthy Chinese mestizo named Tuasson, who was knighted: all the soldiers of this corps are Chinese mestizos They are the same service in the place that regular troops and now receive the same pay, but they would be of little help in the war. We can establish, if necessary, and in very little time, eight thousand militia, divided into battalions province, commanded by European officers or Creole. Each battalion has a company of grenadiers, one of these companies has been disciplined by a retired sergeant of the regiment is in Manila and the Spaniards, though more likely to criticize than praise the bravery and the merit of the Indians, provide that the airline does not leave behind those of European regiments.

Jongkind, Johan Barthold (1819-1891), Allegory: a woman pointing a sailboat;
graphite, pencil, 1870

Samboangan The small garrison in the island of Mindanao, is not taken on the island of Luzon, was formed for the Mariana Islands and Mindanao, two bodies of one hundred fifty men each, which are invariably attached to these colonies.

Jean-Francois de La Perouse ; travel around World on the Astrolabe and the Compass (1785-1788)

Liberty

(To be continued ...)

Congratulations In Spanish For A Wedding

circumterrestrial / 2 ... Auxxx around the breasts of ice ... Travel

Letter from Marshal de Castries M. de Condorcet, permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences.

Versailles, March 1785.

King having resolved, sir, to use two of its frigates in a journey that can in-a-time useful items for completing his service, and provide a comprehensive means to improve the knowledge and description of the globe, I wish that the Academy of Sciences was willing to expose him to write a brief that detailed the various physical observations, astronomical, geographical, and others it deemed most appropriate and important to both the sea in the course of navigation, that the lands or islands that can be visited. To determine the views of the Academy on the plan it may adopt in this regard, I must warn you, sir, that the ships of his majesty will in the case of rising to the north and south, to the sixtieth parallel, and they will travel the entire circumference of the globe, in the direction of longitude. The academy can understand in his speculation about the universality of the coasts or islands known, and the entire surface of the sea lying on both sides, between the two major land masses that form the continents.

In urging the academy to care for a work that will be very agreeable to the king, you can insure it, sir, it will be given the utmost attention to comments or experiences it has given, and we strive to fully meet its demands, as circumstances will allow travel to engage in such operations. His majesty will see with pleasure that the lights of the Academy of Sciences concurrent with the love of glory and zeal that animates the officers of its navy, it can promise the greatest benefits for the Advancement of Science, of an expedition which has as main purpose to promote progress.

R ECOGNITION OF BAY VERY VERY FAVORABLE PROFONDE.RAPPORT MORE OFFICERS, WHICH WE APPOINTED TO RELEASING Y. Risks we face on entering. DESCRIPTION OF THE BAY TO WHICH I GIVE THE NAME OF BAY AND PORT OF FRENCH. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE.

EXCHANGE WE DO WITH OUR EUX.DÉTAIL OPERATIONS DURING OUR STAY.

Map Port the French, by Francois Michel Blondel (1761-1788), 1786

[July 1786] ;

[...] C e port had never been seen by any browser: it is located thirty-three miles northwest of the Los Remedios, the last term of English voyages, about two hundred twenty-four leagues of Nootka and a hundred miles from Williams Sound, so I think that if the French government had plans for factory in this part of the coast of America, no nation could claim to have the slightest right to s 'oppose it. The tranquility of the interior of the bay was very attractive to us who were in absolute need for change and our almost fully stowed, in order to extract six guns placed in the hold, and without which it was unsafe to navigate the seas of China, frequently infested with pirates. I order this place the name of the French port.

Aerial view of the "Port of the French," Today "Lituya Bay"; Alaska

We made road at six in the morning given in the entry with the end of the stream. The Astrolabe preceded my frigate, and we, as before, put a canoe on each point.

[Then a sudden change of wind bring the ships in danger.]

Viewed from the bottom of the French Port - Lavis by Gaspard Duchy of Vancy , July 1786

For thirty years I'm surfing, it does not happen to me to see both ships as close to being lost, the fact of experiencing this event to the end of the world would have made much greater our misery but there was more danger. Our boats were put to the sea very quickly and we élongeâmes of warps with small anchors, and, before the tide had dropped considerably, we were on a background of six fathoms: we gave a few shots, however, Heel, but so weak that they n'endommagèrent not the building.

[After much maneuvering, the Astrolabe and the Compass are doing this bad situation.]

Lituya Bay

J ' sent it very quickly survey the bay. Soon, Mr. Boutin told me he had found excellent sandy plateau, four cables in the west of our anchorage. [...] He also told me that the northwest wind did not penetrate the inner harbor, and there had remained calm.

Mr. Escures was shipped at the same time to visit the bottom of this bay, which he gave me the report the better: he had traveled to an island from which we could anchor in twenty-five fathoms, muddy bottom, no place was more convenient to place our observatory, the wood, all cut, was scattered on the shore, and waterfalls of the finest water fell from the tops mountains to the sea He had penetrated to the bottom of the bay, two leagues beyond the island was covered with ice. He had seen the entrance of two large canals, and urged me to come to account for his commission, he had not recognized. According to the report, we presented our imagination can penetrate perhaps, by one of these channels into the interior of America. The wind had calmed down at four o'clock in the afternoon, we Touami on the plateau of sand Boutin and Astrolabe found himself within range of sail and win the anchorage of the island: I joined the frigate the day, aided by a breeze from the east-southeast and our canoes and rowboats.

map of the French port on the coast of northwest America by 58,037 'north latitude and 139050' longitude west discovered July 2, 1786 by French frigate Compass and the Astrolabe .
Atlas of the Voyage of La Perouse. Bouclet sculp. Herault scrip. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

During our enforced stay at the entrance of the bay, we were constantly surrounded by canoes of savages. They offered us in exchange for our iron, fish, otter skins or other animals, and various small pieces of furniture of their costumes and they looked to our great astonishment, and be accustomed to traffic they made their markets as well as the most skillful buyers in Europe. All items of commerce, they were anxious that the iron they accepted a few glass beads but they served rather to make a deal to form the basis of the exchange. We succeeded in following to receive their plates and tin cans, but these items had only temporary success and iron prevailed over everything. The metal they were not unknown, they all had a dagger hanging from his neck: the shape of the instrument resembled that of Indian cry, but there were no reports in the handle, which was only extension of the blade, rounded and without sharp, this weapon was enclosed in a sheath of tanned skin and she seemed to be their most valuable furniture. As we look very carefully at all these knives, they made us sign that they did not use that against bears and other beasts of the forest. Some were also in copper, and they do not seem to prefer them to others. This metal is fairly common among them, they employ more specifically necklaces, bracelets and various other ornaments as they are arming the tips of their arrows.

Interior view of the French port , drawing Michel François Blondel, 1786

was a big issue with us to know the source of these two metals: it was possible to assume the native copper in this part of America, and the Indians could reduce him to strip or bullion, but the native iron is perhaps not in nature, or at least it is so rare that many mineralogists n ' has ever seen. We could not admit that these people might know how to reduce the iron ore mine in the state of metal, we had seen elsewhere, the day of our arrival, necklaces of glass beads and some small furniture in brass, which, as we know, is a composition of copper and zinc, so that everyone led us to believe that the metals that we had seen were from the Russians or employees of the Company Hudson or American merchants traveling in the interior of America, and finally the English.

costume of the inhabitants of the French port on the coast of northwestern America .
Duchy of Vancy del. 1786. Vinc. I Langlois. Sculpt. L. Aubert scripsit. Atlas of the Voyage of La Perouse, no. 23.

(Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

Gold is no longer desired in Europe that the iron in this part of America, This is further evidence of the rarity of this metal. Each island has, indeed, a small amount, but they are so greedy that they employ every means to procure it. From the day we arrived, we were visited by the leader of the main village. Before boarding, he seemed to send a prayer to the sun, we then made a long harangue, which was completed by songs quite enjoyable, and have a lot to do with the chant of our churches, the Indians of his canoe accompanied by a chorus repeating the same tune. After the ceremony, they went on board and almost all danced for an hour the sound of the voice they were very fair. I made many gifts to this head that made him so uncomfortable that he spent every day five or six hours on board, and I had to renew them frequently or go see him unhappy and threatening, which however was not very dangerous.

Woman of the Port of French . Designed by Duchy of Vancy . Engraved by Vinc. I Langlois. L. Aubert scripsit.

Atlas of the Voyage of La Perouse no. 24. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

soon as we were set behind the island, almost all wild Bay went there. The noise of our arrival soon spread around and we saw several canoes loaded to achieve a very considerable amount of otter skins, that these Indians exchanged cons axes, adzes and iron bars. They gave us their salmon for pieces of old circles, but soon they became more difficult and we could not get this fish with a few small nails or instruments iron. I think it is any country where the otter is more common in this part of America and I am somewhat surprised that a factory that would expand his business only to forty or fifty miles on the edge of rassemblât the sea every year ten thousand skins of this animal. Mr. Rollin, chief surgeon of my frigate himself flayed, dissected and stuffed the only otters that we were able to obtain.

[...] When we arrived at our second anchor, we established the observatory on the island, which was distant from our ships as a gunshot, we formâmes facility for the time of our stay in this port, where we pitched tents for our boats, our blacksmiths, and we sat down in a water deposit parts of our docking we refîmes entirely. Like all Indian villages were on the continent, we are flattered to be safe on our island, but we made soon experience the opposite. We had already proven that the Indians were very thieves, but we do not suppose their activity and a stubbornness that can execute projects of the longest and most difficult: we soon learned to know them better. They spent all nights to watch the right moment to rob us, but we did good care on board our vessels and rarely deceived our vigilance. I also established the law of Sparta: the stolen was punished, and if we do not applaud the thief, at least we do not claim anything to avoid that brawl could have had fatal consequences. I do not conceal that this would make them extremely soft insolent; however I tried to convince them of the superiority of our arms had been shot in front of them a shot to shot, to show them that they could be reach far, and a gun bullet had passed through, in the presence many of these Indians, more double a breastplate that we had sold, after having made us understand by signs that she was impervious to arrows and daggers, and finally, our hunters were skillful killing birds on their heads. I am sure they never believed we inspire feelings of fear, but their conduct has shown me that they did not doubt that our patience was not foolproof. Soon they forced me to raise the institution had on the island, where they landed at night, on the seaward side, they crossed a wood very thicket, in which we were impossible to enter the day and gliding on his belly like snakes, almost without stirring a leaf, they managed, despite our sentinels, to steal some of our belongings. Finally, they had the address to enter at night slept in the tent where MM. Lauriston and Darbaud, who were on guard at the observatory, they took a rifle topped with money and clothes of these two officers, who had placed under their care by bedside: a guard of twelve men saw them and not the two officers were not awake point. This last flight we had little concern without the loss of the original book on which were written all our astronomical observations since our arrival in the port of the French.

View of the Port property of the inhabitants of the French for the fishing season. Designed by Blondel. Engraved by Le Grand. L. Aubert scripsit. Atlas of the Voyage of La Perouse, no. 21. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

These obstacles did not prevent our canoes and boats to the water and wood, all our officers were in constant chore head the various detachments of workers we were obliged to send to earth, and their presence and order contained the wild. While we were the quickest arrangements for our departure, MM. Monneron Bernizet and rose to the level of the bay.

We have been to the bottom of the bay, which is perhaps the most extraordinary place on earth. To get an idea, we imagine a pool of deep water can not be measured in the middle, surrounded by steep mountains, an excessive height, covered with snow, without a blade grass on this huge pile of rocks condemned by nature to everlasting sterility. I've never seen a blast wind ripple the surface of the water, she is troubled by the collapse of huge chunks of ice break off very often five different glaciers, which are falling into a sound that echoes off the mountains. The air is so still and quiet so profound that the mere voice of a man is heard a mile, and the noise of some seabirds lay their nine in the hollow of the rocks. It was at the bottom of this bay that we hoped to find channels through which we could enter the interior of America. We suspected it would lead to a large river whose course could be found between two mountains, and that this river had its source in one of the great lakes in northern Canada. That is our dream, and behold what was the result.

[Several members of the crew, with Lapérouse, engage in two channels: they both ended in a cul-de-sac by glaciers.]

C ONTINUATION OUR STAY AT THE PORT OF FRENCH.

WHEN IN PART, THE MORE WE feel terrible misfortune.

ACCURATE HISTORY OF THIS EVENT.

we resume our first anchorage.

START.

The next race, the chief came on board with better and better dressed than usual, and after many songs and dances, he proposed I sell the island that was my observation, reserving probably tacitly, for him and other Indians, the right to steal from us. It was more than doubtful that this chief was the owner of any land, the government of these peoples is such that the country must belong to the whole society. However, Like many Indians were witnesses to this market, I was entitled to believe that they gave their assent, and I accepted the offer of the chief, also believes that the contract of sale that could be broken by several courts if the nation ever argued against us, because we had no proof that the witnesses were his representatives and the leader's true owner. Anyway, I gave him several yards of red cloth, axes, adzes, iron bars, nails, and I also made gifts to his suite. The market and concluded and settled, I sent to take possession of the island with the usual formalities, I did bury the foot a rock a bottle which contained a notation of such taking and I made with one bronze medals were minted in France before our departure.

However, the main work, the man who had been the subject of this release was completed, our guns were in place, securing our repaired, and we embarked a large amount of water and wood to our departure from Chile. No one port in the universe can provide greater convenience to expedite the work that is often so difficult in other countries.

plan MM. Monneron and Bernizet was completed, and the extent of a base taken by Mr. Blondel, who had served in M. Langlais, M. Dagelet and as many officers trigonometrically to measure the height of mountains, and we n aircraft to be regretted that the book comments by Mr. Dagelet, and this misfortune was almost compensated by the different notes which had been found: we finally looked like the happiest of sailors, to be arrived at so great a distance of Europe without having a single patient or a single man of the two épuipages of scurvy.

But the greatest of misfortunes, that he was the most unpredictable, waiting for us at this term. It is with deepest sorrow that I will trace the history of disaster thousand times more cruel than the disease and all other events of the longest voyages. I yield to rigorous duty that I am forced to write this relationship and I am not afraid to let know that my regrets were, since that event, a hundred times accompanied by my tears that time could not ease my pain: every object, every moment remember the loss we have made, and in a circumstance where we thought we have so little to fear such an event.

I already said that the probes should be placed on the plane MM. of Monneron and Bernizet by naval officers and, accordingly, the Biscay of Astrolabe, under the orders of M. de Marchainville, was commissioned for the next day, and I did have one of my frigate and the small boat I gave the command to Mr. Boutin.

Mr. Escures, my first lieutenant, Chevalier de Saint-Louis, the commander of the Vizcaya Compass and was the leader of this little expedition. As his zeal seemed to me sometimes a bit strong, I felt obliged to give instructions in writing. The details in which I entered I demanded prudence seemed so thorough that he asked me if I took for a child, adding that he had already ordered the buildings. I kindly explained to him the reason for my orders and I told him that Mr. Langle and I had surveyed the pass of the Bay two days ago, and I found that the officer commanding the second boat that was with us had gone too near the edge, on which even he had touched. I added that young officers believe it is a good tone for the seats, get on the parapet of the trenches, and that makes them brave spirit, in the boats, rocks and surf, but this daring little thought could have the most disastrous consequences in a country like ours, where these sorts of dangers were renewed every minute. After this conversation, I handed him the following instructions, which I read to Mr. Boutin: they will raise awareness no other mission statement of Mr. Escures and precautions I had taken.

[Here follows the detailed instructions.]

These instructions did they leave me some fear? They were given to a man of thirty-three, who had commanded ships of war: how much security reasons!

Our boats departed, as I had ordered, at six o'clock in the morning; was as much a part of that pleasure and utility of education; we should hunt and lunch under the trees. I joined Mr. Escures, M. and M. Pierrevert Montarnal, the only relative I had in the navy, and which was attached as tenderly as if he were my son, ever young officer had given me more hope, and Mr. Pierrevert had acquired what I expected very shortly from the other.

The top seven soldiers working composed the armament of the Vizcaya, where the master my frigate pilot had also embarked on probing. Mr. Boutin was second in his small boat Mouton, Lieutenant Commander, I knew that the boat of the Astrolabe was commanded by M. de Marchainville but I did not know if there were other officers .

At ten o'clock in the morning, I saw our little boat back. A little surprised, because I did not expect it so soon, I asked Mr. Boutin, before he boarded, if there was something new and I was afraid in that first attack any moment wild air of M. Boutin was not calculated to reassure me, the most severe pain was painted on her face. He told me the soon dreadful shipwreck which he had just witnessed, and which he had escaped only because the firmness of his character enabled him having all the resources that remained in such extreme peril. Led, following his commanding officer, in the midst of the breakers that were in the pass, while the tide was going out with a speed of three or four miles per hour, he imagined to present to the blade on the back of his canoe, this way, pushed by the blade and his assignor, could not fill, but should nevertheless be led outside, backwards by the tide. Soon he saw the breakers ahead of his canoe and he found himself in the great sea's busiest hello to his friends as his own, he ran the edge of the breakers in the hope of saving life; He re-enlisted them himself, but he was repulsed spoke tide finally, he went on the shoulders of Mr. Mouton to find a larger space: the futile hope, everything had been swallowed ... Boutin and returned to the slack tide. The sea has become beautiful, the officer still had some hope of Biscay for the Astrolabe, he had seen perish than ours. Mr. Marchainville was at that moment a mile from the great danger is to say in a perfectly calm sea as that of the best port closed, but this young officer, moved by generosity probably unwise, since any relief was impossible in these circumstances, with the soul too high, too big for the courage to do this thinking when his friends were in such extreme danger, flew to the rescue, jumped into the surf and the same, a victim of its generosity and formal disobedience of his chief, perished with him.

Sinking of the two boats at the Port of the French. Designed by Nicolas Marie Ozanne (1728-1811).

Engraved by Dequevauviller. L. Aubert scripsit. Atlas of the Voyage of La Perouse, no. 24.

(Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

Soon, Mr. Langle came to my side so overwhelmed with pain that myself and me learned with tears that misfortune was still much bigger than I thought. Since leaving France, he had become an inviolable law of never detach the two brothers [It was MM. La Borde Borde Marchainville and Boutervilliers]. for the same chore and he had yielded, in that one occasion, they had testified to the desire to take a walk and hunt together, for it was almost under this point of view we had envisaged, and some the other, running our canoes as we believe that limited exposure in the harbor of Brest when the weather is very beautiful.

The canoes of savages came in the same time we announce the fatal event, the signs of these men coarse expressed that they saw two canoes and destroy all that help had been impossible: we comblâmes We endeavored to present and make them understand that all our wealth belong to that which would have saved one man.

Nothing was more calculated to excite their humanity, they ran on the banks of the sea and spread on both sides of the bay. I already sent my boat, commanded by M. de Clonard, on the east where, if someone, against all appearances, had the good fortune to escape, it was likely he would address. Mr. Langle fell on the coast West to leave nothing to visit, and I remained on board, charged with the custody of the two vessels, the crews needed to have nothing to fear from the wild, against which the caution was that we were still custody. Almost all the officers and several others had received MM. Langle and Clonard and they went three miles on the edge of the sea, where the smallest debris was not even thrown. I always kept a little hope: the mind becomes accustomed with difficulty in passing so sudden a situation sweet pain so deep, but the return of our canoes and boats destroyed this illusion and completed my throw in dismay the strongest expressions will never do that very imperfectly. I'll report here the relationship Boutin, he was a friend of Mr. Escures, and we also do not believe either the imprudence of that officer.

[Here follows the detailed account of Mr. Boutin, a survivor of the shipwreck.]

Louis Philippe Crepin (1772 - 1851) - The sinking of boats in the Bay of French, 1806

It remained for us to quickly leave a country that we had been so disastrous, but we had a few more days to the families of our unfortunate friends.

If, against all probability, someone was able to return them, as this could only be near the bay, I formed the resolution to wait several more days, but I left the anchorage of the island and I took the platinum sand at the entrance on the west coast.

[That's where the winds hold the vessels until 30 July.]

Before we left, we érigeâmes on the island in the middle of the bay, which I gave the name of the island Cenotaph, a monument to the memory of our unfortunate companions. Mr. Lamanon composed the following inscription, which he buried in a bottle at the foot of the Cenotaph:

THE PORT OF ENTRY ARE TWENTY-ONE BRAVE PERI MARINE, WHO GOT YOU, YOUR TEARS TO OURS LARCH.

"On 4 July 1786, the frigates Compass and the Astrolabe , parts of Brest on 1 August 1785, arrived in this port. By the care of M. de La Perouse, the expedition commander; of M. le Vicomte de Langle, commanding the second frigate, MM. Clonard and Monti, captains second in two buildings, and other officers and surgeons, none of the diseases that are the result of long voyages had reached the crews. M. de La Perouse welcomed, as we all have been from one end of the world to another, through all sorts of dangers, people who attended deemed barbarians, without losing a single man or paid a drop of blood. On 13 July, three boats left at five o'clock the morning to place the probes on the plane of the bay that had been struck. They were led by Mr. Escures, Lieutenant, Knight of St. Louis: M. de La Perouse had given him written instructions to explicitly forbid him from approaching the court, but when he thought still be removed, he found himself engaged. MM. La Borde, brothers, and Flassan, who were in the boat the second frigate, were not afraid to expose themselves to rescue their comrades, but, alas! they had the same fate ... The third boat was commanded by M. Boutin, lieutenant. This officer, fighting bravely against the breakers, made during several hours of great but futile efforts to rescue his friends and owed his own salvation to the best construction of his boat, his enlightened prudence, to Mr. Laprise Mouton, Lieutenant Commander, his second, and the activity and prompt obedience of his crew, composed of Jean Marie boss Lhostis, The Netherlands, and Corey Jers Monene all four sailors. The Indians appeared to be part of our pain is extreme. Moved by misfortune, not discouraged, we start July 30 to continue our journey. "

Names of officers, soldiers and sailors who were shipwrecked on July 13 at seven o'clock in the morning quarter

COMPASS

Officers:

MM. Escures,

of PIERREVERT,

of Montarnal.

Crew:

LEMAÎTRE first pilot

LIEUTOT, corporal boss

Prieur,

Fraichot,

Berrini

BOLET,

FLEURY,

Chaube, all seven soldiers, the oldest not thirty-three years.

The ASTROLABE

Officers:

MM. La Borde Marchainville,

LA BORDE Boutervilliers, brothers,

FLASSAN.

Crew:

SOULAS, corporal boss

PHILIBY,

JULIAN THE PENN, PETER

RABIER, all four soldiers

ANDRIEUX THOMAS,

Goulven Tarreau,

GUILLAUME DUQUESNE, all three topmen in the flower of their age.

Our stay at the entrance to the bay afforded us on the manners and customs of various wild lot of knowledge that we would have been impossible to acquire in other Location: our ships were at anchor with their villages we visited several times each day and each day we had to complain about, though our conduct toward them would never have denied that we n 'would have continued to give them evidence of softness and benevolence.

On 22 July they brought us the debris of wrecked canoes, the blade was pushed on the east coast, very near the bay, and they we were heard, by signs, that they had buried one of our unfortunate companions on the shore where he had been thrown by the blade. On these indexes, MM. Clonard, of Monneron, Monti left immediately and directed their course towards the east, accompanied by the same Indians who brought us the debris and we had filled with presents.

MM. Langle and Lamanon, with several officers and naturalists, had made two days ago, in the west, a race that was also to research these sad, she was also unsuccessful as the other, but they met a village of Indians, on the edge of a small river completely blocked by poles when fishing for salmon: we have long suspected that the fish came from that part of the coast, but we were not certain, and this discovery satisfied our curiosity.

Views of the coast of northwestern America recognized by the French frigates

the Compass and the Astrolabe in 1786. 1e. sheet. Atlas of the Voyage of La Perouse, no. 18.

(Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

Our travelers also met morai they proved that these Indians were in the habit of burning the dead and keep the head, they found one wrapped in several skins. The monument consists of four poles strong enough to carry a small board room, where the ashes contained in boxes, they opened the boxes, defeated the package of skins that covered the head and, after satisfying their curiosity, they scrupulously handed everything in its place, they added a lot of instruments present in iron and glass beads. The Indians who had witnessed the visit showed a little concern but they did not fail to go off very quickly these that our passengers had left out other interesting was the following day in the same place there found that the ashes and the head, where they began new wealth that had the same fate as the previous day. I'm sure the Indians would have liked more visits per day, but if we allowed, albeit with some reluctance to visit their graves, it was not the same in their cabins, they consented to us let approach after having rejected their wives, who are the most disgusting things in the universe.

Map particular the coast of northwestern America recognized by Frigates French
the Compass and the Astrolabe in 1786. 1e. sheet. Bouclet sculp. Herault scrip.
Atlas Voyage de la Perouse no. 17. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

We saw every day into the Bay of new canoes and every day, entire villages were leaving and yielded their place to others. These Indians seemed much dread going there and not ever ventured into the sea spreads or ebb flow: we saw distinctly, using our glasses, that when they were between two points, the leader or at least the most significant Indian got up, stretched his arms toward the sun appeared and send him prayers, while the others paddled with great force. It was asking some clarification on this custom we learned that for some time, seven very large canoes were wrecked in the pass: the eighth had saved the Indians who escaped this misfortune, or devoted to their god or in memory of their comrades, and we saw it next to a morai which probably contained the ashes of some shipwrecked.

This canoe did not resemble those of the country, which are formed as a hollowed tree, found on each side by a board sewn to the bottom of the canoe. It was couples, smooth as our canoes, and this structure, very well made, had a case of sealskin that served as his curling and was so perfectly stitched the best workers in Europe have the difficult to imitate this work: the case of which I speak, we have measured with great attention, was tabled in the next morai cinerary chests, and the frame of the canoe, erected on the sites, left naked to the monument.

I wished that envelope away in Europe we were the absolute masters, this part of the bay is not inhabited, no Indian could be an obstacle; Besides, I am very confident that the castaways were strangers and I will explain my conjecture in this regard in the next chapter, but it is a universal religion to the asylums of the dead, and I wanted that they were respected .

Finally, on July 30, at four o'clock we sailed with a small breeze from the west, which ceased only when we were three miles offshore.

Jean-Francois de La Perouse ; travel around the world on the Astrolabe and the Compass (1785-1788)

(To be continued ...)