B''H
NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR ISLAMIC FINANCE
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http: / / www.lesechos.fr/patrimoine/banque/300326035-les-nouvelles-opportunites-de-la-finance-islamique.htm
"Less affected by the crisis, Islamic finance is an important source of finance in an environment where liquidity is scarce. It progresses past decade from 15 to 20%. Assets under management in the Islamic world today approaching $ 700 billion. It was the strategic interest for France to create conditions conducive to the development of this new market segment ... "
"Less affected by the crisis, Islamic finance is an important source of finance in an environment where liquidity is scarce. It progresses past decade from 15 to 20%. Assets under management in the Islamic world today approaching $ 700 billion. It was the strategic interest for France to create conditions conducive to the development of this new market segment ... "
(from the free invitation to the Salon des Entrepreneurs in Paris on 4 and 5 February 2009 the financial newspaper Les Echos):
The Ministry of Finance and Economy has adopted December 18, 2008 the tax laws that will allow France to "better welcome" real estate investors within the rules of Islamic ethics. "Good news for the attractiveness of the Paris market," comments Mohamed Bachir Ould Sass, Islamic law expert and member of the Acerfi (1). Adding that "these new measures will open to investors from the Gulf countries the opportunity to diversify their portfolios."
It was time for France to catch up on Britain. Our neighbor has indeed taken steps to work with Islamic funds five years ago and thus benefited from the oil wealth of these countries. "While real estate investment funds specifically Middle East totaled about 320 billion dollars worldwide, they represented only 2% of the volume invested in France in 2008, with a peak of around 5% in 2007 and have focused on 7% in the UK and even up to 10% in 2007, confirming the British hegemony on the financial source, "said Anass Patel, director of investment strategy at DTZ Asset Management Europe." The market for French investment, with its fundamentals more balanced than in other European countries, could raise more cash, since positive signals are sent as they began do Europlace Bercy, "said the expert.
PRINCIPLES
" While traditional real estate asset acquisitions are signed between buyer and creditor, these Islamic funds require a third speaker in the form a special purpose company created to allow the purchase of a building through the contraction of a loan.
The Ministry of Finance and Economy has adopted December 18, 2008 the tax laws that will allow France to "better welcome" real estate investors within the rules of Islamic ethics. "Good news for the attractiveness of the Paris market," comments Mohamed Bachir Ould Sass, Islamic law expert and member of the Acerfi (1). Adding that "these new measures will open to investors from the Gulf countries the opportunity to diversify their portfolios."
It was time for France to catch up on Britain. Our neighbor has indeed taken steps to work with Islamic funds five years ago and thus benefited from the oil wealth of these countries. "While real estate investment funds specifically Middle East totaled about 320 billion dollars worldwide, they represented only 2% of the volume invested in France in 2008, with a peak of around 5% in 2007 and have focused on 7% in the UK and even up to 10% in 2007, confirming the British hegemony on the financial source, "said Anass Patel, director of investment strategy at DTZ Asset Management Europe." The market for French investment, with its fundamentals more balanced than in other European countries, could raise more cash, since positive signals are sent as they began do Europlace Bercy, "said the expert.
PRINCIPLES
" While traditional real estate asset acquisitions are signed between buyer and creditor, these Islamic funds require a third speaker in the form a special purpose company created to allow the purchase of a building through the contraction of a loan.
The Shariah committee what the Acerfi (1) aims to validate the financial contracts to enable Muslims to acquire property in accordance with ethical principles of Islam, continues Bashir Mohamed Ould Sass.
In this context we are driven by a strong desire to contribute to France's competitiveness through the development of ethical finance and support the creation of financial products to a population of five (? Ed) million French Muslims, the Muslim community is the largest in Europe. "
Bans
Bercy is determined to stimulate investment from the Gulf. Three main stand that Islam bans Financial:
Bans
Bercy is determined to stimulate investment from the Gulf. Three main stand that Islam bans Financial:
- practical interest and wear, also challenged by the three monotheistic religions,
- than speculation
- and the induction of error.
are naturally excluded from activities deemed illegal de facto outside the field of Islamic investment: the tobacco, alcohol and armaments, pornography, pork consumption.
Consistent with these principles, the new tax measures introduced in late 2008 concerned two financing techniques: purchasing contracts that are the subject of an installment sale, that is to say which payment is deferred including a margin (Murabahas) and "obligations" Islamic (Sukuk) backed by tangible assets. "The goal is to provide a fiscal framework more suitable for including Islamic banks wishing to settle in France to establish sharia-compliant operations" says Fouad Bourabiat, a lawyer at Herbert Smith. The legal arrangements, including the trust of a legislative this time should be implemented this year.
"The aim of these measures doctrine is, first, to determine if (...) tools of Islamic finance are tax-like products of debt or equity, and other by analyzing such transactions, often involving transactions of purchase and sale, with regard to possible tax friction " said the Treasury Department. " The purpose of the texts chosen mainly to ensure equal tax treatment to that for conventional financing operations, "the lawyer added .
The facilities promised by Christine Lagarde in July 2008 must ensure the economic and financial viability of these operations by neutralizing such friction double taxation resulting from transfer duties during the buying and resale, and ensuring the deductibility of expenses financial, economic equivalent of interest on loans.
Consistent with these principles, the new tax measures introduced in late 2008 concerned two financing techniques: purchasing contracts that are the subject of an installment sale, that is to say which payment is deferred including a margin (Murabahas) and "obligations" Islamic (Sukuk) backed by tangible assets. "The goal is to provide a fiscal framework more suitable for including Islamic banks wishing to settle in France to establish sharia-compliant operations" says Fouad Bourabiat, a lawyer at Herbert Smith. The legal arrangements, including the trust of a legislative this time should be implemented this year.
"The aim of these measures doctrine is, first, to determine if (...) tools of Islamic finance are tax-like products of debt or equity, and other by analyzing such transactions, often involving transactions of purchase and sale, with regard to possible tax friction " said the Treasury Department. " The purpose of the texts chosen mainly to ensure equal tax treatment to that for conventional financing operations, "the lawyer added .
The facilities promised by Christine Lagarde in July 2008 must ensure the economic and financial viability of these operations by neutralizing such friction double taxation resulting from transfer duties during the buying and resale, and ensuring the deductibility of expenses financial, economic equivalent of interest on loans.
Talking, or even encourage the development of the "Islamic banking" might raise controversy. Yet, argues Fouad Bourabiat, "Islamic finance can not fall into the pitfalls that have led to the financial crisis affecting the world today, including born of speculation, excessive debt (subprime) of selling or disposing of massive debts.
The results of a survey commissioned by the association Ifop Aidimm (2) and the consultancy IFAAS, conducted in spring 2008 on a representative sample of the Muslim population of France, showed that "over 500,000 potential customers would be attracted by the offer of ethical products. The survey notes that over 55% of French Muslims are interested in banking services compatible with their religious or ethical beliefs. " These figures complement the report Jouini-Pastré Europlace for "Challenges and opportunities for development of Islamic finance for the Paris market," saying that "our country could acquire global leadership in Islamic finance at the price of a small number of reforms "and attract 100 billion euros in savings, mainly from Gulf countries.
The results of a survey commissioned by the association Ifop Aidimm (2) and the consultancy IFAAS, conducted in spring 2008 on a representative sample of the Muslim population of France, showed that "over 500,000 potential customers would be attracted by the offer of ethical products. The survey notes that over 55% of French Muslims are interested in banking services compatible with their religious or ethical beliefs. " These figures complement the report Jouini-Pastré Europlace for "Challenges and opportunities for development of Islamic finance for the Paris market," saying that "our country could acquire global leadership in Islamic finance at the price of a small number of reforms "and attract 100 billion euros in savings, mainly from Gulf countries.
Notes:
(1) Acerfi (Audit, Compliance and Ethics Research in Islamic finance).
(1) Acerfi (Audit, Compliance and Ethics Research in Islamic finance).
(2) Aidimm (Association of innovation to economic development and real estate).
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School of Management and University of Strasbourg Strasbourg
http://www.em-strasbourg.eu/formations/autres-formations-ud-finance-islamique
www.lepost.fr/article/2009/01/22/1396468_un-diplome-de-finance-islamique-al-ecole-de-management-de-strasbourg.html-2.html
School of Management and University of Strasbourg Strasbourg for you January 21, 2009 at the Inaugural Conference of the Diploma in Islamic finance
Strasbourg Management School - 61 avenue de la Forêt Noire - 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, Tel: +33 ( 0) 3 90 41 42 00 - Fax: +33 (0) 3 90 41 42 70
"In a world becoming more globalized, the idiosyncrasies displayed by leading Islamic finance to play an increasingly most significant: More than 250 Islamic financial institutions worldwide whose assets are valued today at over 500 billion dollars and 2.7 trillion dollars in 2010. Industry Banking and Finance Islamic type is booming and currently covers both Muslim and non Muslim countries.
Objectives
Master the knowledge, skills and knowledge to be new and diverse:
> technical skills in finance, law and management tailored to the needs of international companies, law firms or banking institutions in different strategic contexts
> develop critical thinking through study summaries (case studies, simulations, trading room in particular)
> awareness the importance of self-knowledge and knowledge specific model of development banking and Islamic finance in countries where they operate (the Gulf countries of Southeast Asia, Europe)
Opportunities
access to positions of responsibility in financial matters (banker, broker, manager, committee member-religious Sharia Board, lawyers, business provider, fund manager, analyst) in various national and international organizations such as:
> Credit institutions and investment banks, insurance
> Lawyers specializing in business law
> Regulators
> Companies and multinationals
This training can also evolve into a career in teaching or research
Partners training
The Strasbourg School of Management works closely with:
Law Centre of Enterprise (CDE) - Robert Schuman University, Laboratory for Research in Economics and Management (WIDE), Company Law and Religion in Europe (PRISM / CNRS), University of Durham (UK) University of Setif (Algeria) University of King Abdul Aziz (Saudi Arabia), the Supreme Council of Notaries , Banque de France, Commission Bancaire, Gide Loyrette Nouel, Ernst> Young, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Moody's, Standard> Poor's IFAAS, AIDIMM " (end quote)
ANOTHER POINT OF VIEW: ISLAMIC FINANCE IN FACT Boycot ISRAEL
After the City of London, a precursor as always, new trends in finance, Paris wants to get up to date and it created even a Masters in Islamic Finance. As for Christine Lagarde, she could talk forever about the virtues of this new way to earn money, own and "morality". The major French banks follow suit.
School of Management and University of Strasbourg Strasbourg
http://www.em-strasbourg.eu/formations/autres-formations-ud-finance-islamique
www.lepost.fr/article/2009/01/22/1396468_un-diplome-de-finance-islamique-al-ecole-de-management-de-strasbourg.html-2.html
School of Management and University of Strasbourg Strasbourg for you January 21, 2009 at the Inaugural Conference of the Diploma in Islamic finance
Strasbourg Management School - 61 avenue de la Forêt Noire - 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, Tel: +33 ( 0) 3 90 41 42 00 - Fax: +33 (0) 3 90 41 42 70
"In a world becoming more globalized, the idiosyncrasies displayed by leading Islamic finance to play an increasingly most significant: More than 250 Islamic financial institutions worldwide whose assets are valued today at over 500 billion dollars and 2.7 trillion dollars in 2010. Industry Banking and Finance Islamic type is booming and currently covers both Muslim and non Muslim countries.
Objectives
Master the knowledge, skills and knowledge to be new and diverse:
> technical skills in finance, law and management tailored to the needs of international companies, law firms or banking institutions in different strategic contexts
> develop critical thinking through study summaries (case studies, simulations, trading room in particular)
> awareness the importance of self-knowledge and knowledge specific model of development banking and Islamic finance in countries where they operate (the Gulf countries of Southeast Asia, Europe)
Opportunities
access to positions of responsibility in financial matters (banker, broker, manager, committee member-religious Sharia Board, lawyers, business provider, fund manager, analyst) in various national and international organizations such as:
> Credit institutions and investment banks, insurance
> Lawyers specializing in business law
> Regulators
> Companies and multinationals
This training can also evolve into a career in teaching or research
Partners training
The Strasbourg School of Management works closely with:
Law Centre of Enterprise (CDE) - Robert Schuman University, Laboratory for Research in Economics and Management (WIDE), Company Law and Religion in Europe (PRISM / CNRS), University of Durham (UK) University of Setif (Algeria) University of King Abdul Aziz (Saudi Arabia), the Supreme Council of Notaries , Banque de France, Commission Bancaire, Gide Loyrette Nouel, Ernst> Young, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Moody's, Standard> Poor's IFAAS, AIDIMM " (end quote)
ANOTHER POINT OF VIEW: ISLAMIC FINANCE IN FACT Boycot ISRAEL
After the City of London, a precursor as always, new trends in finance, Paris wants to get up to date and it created even a Masters in Islamic Finance. As for Christine Lagarde, she could talk forever about the virtues of this new way to earn money, own and "morality". The major French banks follow suit.
Technically, the principle is simple: Instead of lending you money to buy a house, the bank buys the house of your dreams and you sold it by making a nice profit to the passage , so that in most cases you are losers.
But as always the scam comes from the media to explain the mechanisms but forget to say that the business in which money is involved, or the Gulf of Sarcelles, should invest in Business Halal say, one of the criteria is that the owners or executives of these companies should not be Jewish, or support a way or another Israel, near or even far away.
lists companies are published, never will the funds stored in the institutions practicing Islamic finance. These lists include not only Muslims but also sites in sites cathos downright fundamentalist anti-Semites, such http://intransigeants.wordpress.com/
They include:
- Caramel (fruits and vegetables) -Jaffa (fruits and vegetables) - Kedem (lawyers) - Coral (Cherry) - Top (fruits and vegetables) - Beigel (savory biscuits) - Hasat (citrus) - Sabra (meals) - Osem (soups, snacks, cookies, prepared meals) - to act (canned fish) - Holyland (honey, herbs) - Amba (canned) - Green Valley (wine) - Tivall (vegetarian) - AgroFresh (cucumber) - Jordan Valley (dates) - Dana (cherry tomatoes) - Epilady (epilation devices) - Ahava (cosmetics from the Dead Sea)
The bar code on most products by Israeli start: 729
The products of companies that support Israel (American or European)
Coca-Cola - Brands Group: Aquarius, Cherry Coke, Fanta, Nestea, Sprite, Minute Maid, Tropical. The company supports the State of Israel since 1966.
DANONE - Brands Group: Arvie, Badoit, Belin, Bledina, Phosphatine, Chipster, Evian, Galbani, Gervais, Heudebert, Lu, Taillefine, Volvic. Danone has invested in the Golan Heights, Syrian territory occupied by Israel since 1967.
NESTLÉ - Brands Group: Aquarel Cheerios Crunch, Frigor, Friskies, Galak, Golden Grahams, Kit Kat, Maggi, Mousline, Nescafe, Ricoré, Quality Street, Vittel, Perrier, Buitoni. The Swiss company owns 50.1 % Of shareholders of the Osem Israeli food chain. The firm is accused from 50 years to destroy the economy and health of the peoples of the Third World, including the imposition of its milk powder for babies in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
INTEL - This big company produces most of the Pentium 4 chip used by the PC at its plant in Kiryat Gat, located on the site of Iraq Al-Manshiya, a Palestinian village razed after its evacuation in 1949 by Egyptian soldiers. 2000 people were evicted from their land, despite a written undertaking, supervised by the United Nations United, the Zionists do not touch the people. A campaign to their descendants in the USA in 2003 led Intel to suspend a proposed investment of $ 2 billion for expansion of Fab 18 in Kiryat Gat.
L'OREAL - Brands Group: Biotherm, Cacharel, Giorgio Armani Parfums, Lancôme, Vichy, La Roche-Posay, Garnier, Helena Rubinstein, Gemey-Maybelline, Jean-Louis David Shampoos, Club creators of beauty (sale cosmetics by mail), Redken 5th Avenue, Ralph Lauren fragrances, Ushuaia.
L'Oreal has invested millions in creating a production unit to Migdal Haemeck, so much so that the American Jewish Congress has expressed its satisfaction at L'Oreal "become a warm friend of Israel."
ESTEE LAUDER - Brands Group: Aramis, Clinique, Sea, DKNY, Tommy Hilfiger
addition to its investments, the director is the president of one of the most powerful U.S. Zionist organizations, the Jewish National Fund. DELTA GALIL
- The Israeli company specializing in the outsourcing of textile products including the underwear. Many underwear brand directly from foreign factories Delta Galil. It the case for Marks & Spencers, Carrefour (Tex), Auchan, Gap, Hugo Boss, Playtex, Calvin Klein, Victoria's Secret, DKNY, Ralph Lauren.
LEVI STRAUSS JEANS AND CELIO (shops featuring clothing for men)
These companies well established in France finance new settlements in Palestine but also the schools of religious extremists in the world.
TIMBERLAND (apparel, shoes, socks) - Like its counterpart, Ronald Lauder, Timberland CEO Jeffrey Swartz is an active member of the U.S. Zionist lobby. He has advised and encouraged the U.S. Jewish community to visit Israel but also sending Israeli soldiers to lead the pro-Israeli propaganda in the USA.
Disneyland - The Disney company is far from idyllic and, through its support for Israel to sow death in Palestine. It thus tacitly endorses the illegal occupation of East Jerusalem, making Jerusalem during an exhibit at Epcot Center in Florida the capital of Israel, in violation of international resolutions of the UN.
NOKIA - The Finnish phone giant trade actively with the State of Israel. In an interview with the Jerusalem Post, the manager of the group stated that Israel was among the priorities of the company. A Nokia Research Center has emerged in Israel.
MC DONALD'S - Business emblematic of U.S. cultural imperialism, the famous chain of fast food restaurants providing significant support to the Israeli state. McDonald's has 80 restaurants in Israel and employs nearly 3000 people. It forbids its staff to speak Arabic. In the USA, the company is among the proud partners of the Zionist "Jewish Community" based in Chicago. This organization works to effect the continuation of military aid, economic and diplomatic provided by the U.S. to Israel.
CATERPILLAR (Equipment for the building but also clothing, shoes) - A major campaign should be conducted in France to denounce the participation of Caterpillar criminal destruction of Palestinian houses by bulldozers giants. It is with Caterpillar that the American Jewish pacifist Rachel Corrie was killed by an Israeli soldier in 2003.
hotel chain AccorHotels (Etap, Ibis, Mercure, Novotel, Sofitel) - This chain has several hotels in Israel, and recently it has opened a branch in the occupied Syrian territories, in the Golan.
Food chains in Israeli settlements: Domino Pizza, Pizza Hut, Haagen Daaz, Burger King
Other products: Morris Cigarettes (including Marlboro), Kimberly-Clark products (Kleenex, Kotex, Huggies), SanDisk (IT) Toys RUs (toys)
ISLAMIC FINANCE OR Magouille jangling
Wednesday, March 12, 2008, by Pascal Hilout
English Archbishop of Canterbury has been well accepted: we will need to accommodate the application of Islamic law in Europe.
Do not pretend to be surprised (e) and does not scream especially to imperialism! Rather rejoice and smile, because you'll be able to bargain with the money of Muslims!
That's right! Obviously, you look better. I certainly used the word that fits you right to the heart. You see me, a Muslim in Europe, I have joined the discourse surrounding and know full well what my fellow citizens, especially the City and the Paris bourse, are susceptible. And here is my added value with surplus petrodollars in the Middle East, your finances will no longer live in sin and you'll find that just a little patience you are quite capable of swallowing a few snakes! Finance
own, according to Islamic law, has much chance of arriving soon on the counters of all your banks. It is time to keep you informed about art and how well you rich, while respecting the rules established by the guards of Allah on earth.
dispel any misunderstanding
Recall first few platitudes to avoid any misunderstanding:
Even though everyone knows that money does not smell, expect mostly not the Islamic money will finance or troubleshoot your pig farm in Britain, Germany or Great Britain! You are aware that this fund will not support your slaughterhouses, butcher shops or your distribution channels. You must comply with the lawful killing in Islam.
This funding will not engage in your controlled appellations of Bordeaux, in your grapes of Alsace Burgundy or Champagne. It is an illegal trade. Have no illusions, your inns, your coffee and your zincs selling small balloons, your shops and supermarkets that dispense liquor, wine and pork are not legitimate businesses and have not entitled to the involvement of Islamic finance.
Despite its ancient origins of the North (from Africa), Dany Boon, can not rely on these finances to achieve a second "Welcome to the Sticks" we drink too much beer! The funding of French cinema in general, can not be legal: not only is there peck on the benches, but ...
Your fashion houses have no chance to get credit if you do not lay off all these beautiful creatures. Islam teaches us to hide this beauty that we can not see.
Strictly speaking, these finances could support some magazines and newspapers that never say a wrong word about Islam, but Charlie Hebdo has no need to worry: this is not money that will invest in the Gulf in a competing newspaper to submit cartoons more salacious. Strictly speaking this money will be used to sue him. You hope
financing your home with the money of the Muslims? Your bank and its supervisory body for compliance with Islamic law to ensure conduct an investigation of morality before hearing your case. You're more likely to go first if you have married four wives legally Islamic.
The form and substance
Misunderstandings clearly the most salient being avoided, now address the question of substance not forget the form. Islam is full of nuance: even if some might think it takes much longer to form than substance, believe me, he manages to ensure the protection of your funds. To reassure you further, saying bluntly that Islam encourages trade and has never been anti-capitalist. Three general principles for Islamic finance chairman and can be summarized as follows:
Trade and Industry ( Apart from illegal activities and products) are highly recommended. The benefits you draw even considered a blessing and a gift divine.
Islamic taxes you pay are not calculated based on sales or profits but only on capital: the rate is 2.5% (quarter-tenth) per year. Forget the prohibitive rates of VAT, taxes on profits and more taxes on capital What have invented all of your tax disbelievers. Islam frees you and makes you free from all shackles and all burdens on your finances and prevent take flight for the global marketplace!
Certainly the loan with interest is prohibited but you are free to invest your money with well-calculated risk-taking, together with all the material guarantees that suit you. What we would not do for money!
Do not think the nonsense that can tell you journalists or so-called experts of Islamic finance. The newspaper Le Monde in an insert accompanying the article by Marc Roche (1) asserts that without shame arms is an activity where the Islamic investment is prohibited. Now you know if you have a project for manufacture of scimitars, as those with which amused recently Sarko and the King of Arabia, believe me you will have immediate accession countries in the Middle East. Better yet! If you have more powerful centrifuges for sale, please feel free to contact Ahmadinejad, the president of Iran very Islamic.
In the same section of the newspaper Le Monde, as the wikipedia page (2) on this subject, the "experts" substitute the word "wear" for "interest". Now we know that interest rates can be usurious as it may below the inflation rate, as was the case in France before the Mitterrand years. These same "experts" do not explain the whole Islamic finance is based on a childish ploy: as you can not borrow money with an interest rate to finance your computer, we proceed as follows in full compliance with Islamic law. I set the computer to your Internet provider and I will resell the same computer by granting you credit facilities. You pay me that in four installments and how good I am shopping, I realize a profit blessed by Allah, will say 10%. Minus 2.5% that I would give to the poor as an Islamic charity, that leaves me a very comfortable margin of 7.5%.
Is not she beautiful Islamic finance? You do not see the difference and do not enter the nuances? Do not worry, you're not alone (e).
Islamic Finance, strictly speaking, can not exist since all financial institutions in international terminology, receives some surplus to finance other projects while paying a fee and the first by requiring borrowers an interest rate higher. This allows him to pay premises of his establishment, his computer, its employees ... and, as appropriate, to generate profits or losses (if less frequent). Gold
Islam, you must establish only as "merchant" or "industrial" to finance the purchase of computers, buildings, factories etc.. by individuals or by contractors who do not need any money, you have to pretend to buy computers, buildings and factories ... and proceed immediately to a forward sale, with power profits, of course!
Islamic finance necessitates adaptation of European laws to pretend: because you are a veiled financial, operating under the label "commercial and industrial", it will not require you to pay VAT on computers that you buy and then pretended to resell, we will not require you to spend twice the notary and to pay the bill to purchase the property then to be sold and will require our accounting rules to fit all these shenanigans which does have as a goal than to pretend it does not earn interest!
Hypocrisy, the tricks and tips (Hyal) Islamic therefore arrive on the counter of your bank and you had to know the big tricks, my fellow Europeans! (3).
In addition, the bank approved will be Islamic by Muslim scholars as advisors who will exercise authority over what you do for money: especially no champagne or liquor to celebrate the acquisition of the plant it comes to finance you!
________________________________________ (1) piece on "Gordon Brown is to finance sharia-compliant", "published in the March 7, 2008
(2) http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_islamique
(3) I recommend good reading in this area: Harry Sacher, Islam and Capitalism, Editions du Seuil, Paris 1966
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