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circumterrestrial / 2 ... Enlightenment opposed to the barbarism of faith ... Travel

If I want one water in Europe is the wane

Black cold pool where into the scented twilight

A child squatting full of sadness,

A boat as fragile as a butterfly in May.

A. Rimbaud, The Drunken Boat

RRIVÉE A CAVITY. HOW WE'VE RECEIVED BY THE COMMANDER OF THE PLACE. Mr. Boutin, lieutenant, IS SENT TO THE GOVERNOR GENERAL TO MANILA. HOME WHO'S DONE THAT OFFICER. DETAILS AND CAVITY ON ITS ARSENAL. DESCRIPTION OF MANILA AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. ITS PEOPLE. DISADVANTAGES RESULTING FROM THE GOVERNMENT WHICH IS ESTABLISHED. PENANCE WE ARE WITNESSES DURING THE HOLY WEEK. TAX ON TOBACCO. CREATION OF NEW COMPANY IN THE PHILIPPINES. THOUGHTS ON THIS PROPERTY. DETAILS OF THE PHILIPPINES southern islands. WAR WITH CONTINUOUS OR Mohammedans MORES OF THESE DIFFERENT ISLANDS. STAY IN MANILA. STATE MILITARY ISLAND LUÇON.

[February 1787]

[Lapérouse gives here Details of the warm welcome he has done in Cavite, the Governor General's orders so that the browser requests are met before April 5, plan the trip that required two frigates leave the 10th of this month.]

Map of discoveries made in 1787 in the seas of China and Tartary, by the French frigate Compass and the Astrolabe since their departure from Manila until their arrival in Kamchatka. First sheet. Engraved by Bouclet. Written by Herault. Atlas Voyage de la Perouse no. 43. (Paris: Imprimerie of the Republic, An V, 1797)

C Avita, three leagues in the south-west of Manila, was once a sizable, but the Philippines and Europe, large cities pumping somewhat small, and there remains today as the commander of the arsenal, a purser, two lieutenants of the port, the commander of the garrison, one hundred and fifty men of the garrison and the officers attached to this troop.

Part of the South Sea between the Philippines and California after the Card found on the English galleon taken by Admiral Anson in 1743, which represents the state of knowledge at the time, and the roads usually followed the galleons in their voyage from Manila to Acapulco. Part of the South Sea between the Philippines and California from another card to La Perouse English communicated in its relaxes in Monterey, on which he had traced his route and the Islands he had recognized, notes on those that had not recovered. Atlas Voyage de la Perouse no. 65. (Paris: Imprimerie de la Republic, An V, 1797)

All other inhabitants are mestizo or Indian, attached to the arsenal, and together with their families is usually very large, a population of about four thousand souls, scattered throughout the city and the suburb of Saint-Roch. There are two churches and three monasteries, each occupied by two monks, though thirty might accommodate comfortably. The Jesuits had once a very beautiful house, and the trading company newly established by the Government has taken possession. In general, you can not see but ruins; the old stone buildings are abandoned or occupied by Indians who do repair point, and Cavite, the second city of the Philippines, the capital of a province its name, is today a wicked village where he remains of other Spaniards as military officers or directors. But if the city does the sight a heap of ruins, it is not the same port, where Mr. Bermuda, Brigadier of the naval forces, the commander, established order and discipline that are regret that his talents were exercised on such a small theater. All his workers are Indian, and he is absolutely the same workshops as we see in our arsenals in Europe. This officer, of the same grade as the Governor-General, no details below him, and his conversation has shown us that there was perhaps not beyond his knowledge. Everything we asked him was granted with infinite grace, forges, the poulierie, topping worked for several days for our frigates. Mr Bermuda warned our desires, and his friendship was even more flattering to his character we felt he did not easily granted, this principles of austerity he announced he may have damaged his military fortunes . As we could not flatter also meet a port as convenient, Mr. Langle and I resolved to visit our entire rig and décapeler our guys. This precaution did not entail any loss of time, since we need to wait at least a month, the various provisions which we had prepared the statement to the superintendent of Manila.

Two days after our arrival in Cavite, we embarked for the capital with Mr. Langle, we were accompanied by several officers. We spent half past two to the route in our canoes, which were armed soldiers because of the Moors which Manila Bay is often infested. We made our first visit to the governor, who kept us to dinner and gave us his captain of the guards to take us to the Archbishop, the steward and the various oidores . It was not for us one of the least strenuous days of the campaign. The heat was extreme and we were walking in a city where all citizens do not go by car, but there is no such rent as at Batavia, and without Mr. Sebire, a French merchant, who, informed by Random we arrived in Manila sent us his carriage, we would have had to abandon several visits that we had proposed to do.

The city of Manila, including its suburbs, is very considerable and it is estimated the population at thirty-eight thousand, among which there are only a thousand or twelve hundred Spaniards and the rest are mestizos, Indians or Chinese, cultivating the arts and acting all kinds of industry. The less wealthy English families have one or more cars, two very fine horses cost thirty dollars, their food and wages of six dollars a box per month: thus there is no country where the expense of a coach is less significant and at the same time more necessary. The environs of Manila are delightful, the most beautiful river meanders and is divided into various channels including the two main leads to the famous Laguna de Bay or lake, which is seven leagues in the interior, surrounded by over a hundred Indian villages located in the middle of the most fertile territory.

Manila, built on the edge of the bay with his name that has more than twenty-five leagues in circumference, is at the mouth of a navigable river to the lake from which it draws its source, perhaps the city of the world's most happily situated. All edible therein in greater abundance and cheaper, but the clothing, hardware stores in Europe, the furniture sold there at an excessive price. The default of emulation, the prohibitions, the genes of every species placed on the trade to make the products and goods from India and China at least as expensive as in Europe, and the colony, although various taxes related the tax authorities nearly eight hundred thousand dollars, still costs each year Spain fifteen hundred thousand books are sent from Mexico. The vast possessions of the Spaniards in America did not allow the government to address essentially the Philippines and are still as great lords of the land, which would remain idle and yet the fortunes of several families.

"A native tribe near Jolo" Snapshot 1926

I will not fear to advance a great nation that would colony for the Philippine Islands, and who would establish the best government they can include, without envy could see all the settlements in Africa and America.

Girl of the Philippines shot 1920

Three million people live in these different islands of Luzon and that contains almost one third. These people do not seem to me in no way inferior to those of Europe, where they cultivate the land with intelligence, are carpenters, blacksmiths, silversmiths, weavers, masons, etc.. I traveled to their villages, I found them good, hospitable, affable And though the Spaniards speak with contempt and treat them well, I recognized that the defects they place on the Indians' behalf must be charged to the government they have established among them. We know that the greed of gold and spirit of conquest which the Spaniards and the Portuguese were driven two centuries ago did go to Raiders of the two nations in various seas and islands in both hemispheres in one view to meet this rich metal.

Costumes of the inhabitants of Manila. Designed by Duchy of Vancy. Engraved by Dupréel. L. Aubert scripsit.
Atlas Voyage de la Perouse, no. 42. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

Some rivers gold and neighborhood grocery determined him to be the first institutions in the Philippines, but the product does not answer the expectations that it was designed. At the greed of those reasons was seen succeed enthusiasm of religion, many religious orders were all sent to preach Christianity, and the harvest was so abundant that we soon had eight or nine hundred Christians in these different islands. If zeal had been informed of a little philosophy, it was probably the system most adequate to the conquest of the Spaniards and to make this facility useful to the metropolis, but they thought only to Christians and never citizens. This people was divided into parishes and practices subject to the most minute and most extravagant every mistake, every sin is still punishable by lashes, the failure to prayer and is priced at mass, and the punishment is administered to men or women at the door of the church by order of the priest. Parties, fraternities, devotions occupy a specific time very considerable, and as in hot heads even more exalted than in temperate climates, I saw, during Holy Week, masked penitents dragging chains through the streets, legs and kidneys wrapped in a bundle of thorns, and receive at each station before the church doors or in front of shrines, several shots of discipline and finally undergo penance as stringent as those of the fakirs of India. These practices best suited to make that real enthusiastic devotees, are now forbidden by the Archbishop of Manila, but it is likely that some confessors advise even if they do not ordain.

To monastic system, which irritates the heart and convinces a little too much about what people already sluggish through the influence of climate and lack of need, that life is a passage and the goods of this world of useless, joins the inability to sell the fruits of the earth with an advantage that compensates for the job. Thus, when all people have enough rice, sugar, vegetables necessary for their subsistence, the rest is no more Price: we have seen, in these circumstances, the sugar being sold less than a penny a pound, and rice remain on earth without being harvested. I think it would be difficult for the company most devoid of lights to imagine a more absurd system of government that governs these colonies for two centuries. The port of Manila, to be frank and open to all nations, was, until recently, closed to Europeans and open only a few Moors, Armenians and Portuguese from Goa. The most despotic authority is vested in the Governor. The hearing is expected to moderate, is powerless before the will of representative of the English government and can not in law but in fact, receive or confiscate the goods of foreigners that the hope of a profit has led to Manila, and does it state that the appearance of a very large profit, which is ruinous to the truth to consumers. We do enjoy any freedom: the inquisitors and the monks monitor consciences, oidores all private affairs, the governor approaches the most innocent, a stroll along the interior of the island, a conversation is within its jurisdiction, and finally, the finest and most beautiful countries in the world is certainly the last a free man wished to live. I saw in Manila this honest and righteous governor of the Marianas, this Mr. Tobias, too celebrated for his repose by the Abbe Raynal, I saw him pursued by the monks who have raised against his wife in the painting as an infidel and has asked to part with him for not living with a supposed reprobate, and all fans applauded the resolution. Mr. Tobias was a lieutenant colonel of the regiment forming the garrison of Manila and is recognized as the best officer in the country, but the governor ordered that his salary, which are quite considerable, would remain in his pious wife and he has left twenty -six dollars per month just for their livelihood and that of his son. This brave soldier, reduced to despair, watched the moment of escape from the colony to go to seek justice. A very wise law, but unfortunately without effect, which should moderate this excessive authority, is that which allows each citizen to sue the governor veteran before his successor, but it is interested

to excuse everything that criticizes its predecessor, and the citizen temerity to complain is exposed to new and stronger insults.

most revolting distinctions are established and maintained with the utmost severity. The number of horses harnessed to the car is fixed for each state, the drivers must stop before the greatest number, and the caprice of a single oidor can hold his car in line behind all those who have the misfortune to on the same path. So many flaws in this government, so many humiliations that are the result, however, could completely destroy the advantages of climate, farmers still have an air of happiness that does not exist in our villages of Europe, their houses are a wonderful clean, shaded by fruit trees that grow without cultivation. The tax paid by each family head is very moderate, it is limited to five reals and a half there, including the rights of the Church perceived that the nation and all the bishops, canons and priests are paid by the government, but they established a perquisite that compensates their low salaries.

A terrible scourge has been rising for several years and threatens to destroy the remains of happiness is the tobacco tax, these people have a passion so immoderate to smoke this narcotic that is not of moment in the day when a man, a woman has a cigarro to mouth, children barely out of the cradle contract this habit. Tobacco Luzon island is the best in Asia, each cultivated in around his house for consumption, and the small number of foreign vessels that had permission to deal in Manila, carrying in all parts of the India.

A prohibitory law has been enacted, the tobacco of each individual was torn and confined in areas where we do not grow more than for the benefit of the nation. We set the price to half a dollar a pound, and although consumption is enormously reduced, the balance of the day laborer is not enough to get his family tobacco they consume each day. All residents generally agree that two dollars of tax, added to the poll of taxpayers, would have rendered the treasury a sum equal to the sale of tobacco and would not cause the disorders that it has produced. Insurgencies have threatened all parts of the island, the troops were used to compress them, an army Clerk is bribed to prevent smuggling and force consumers to turn to national offices, and several were massacred, but they were promptly vindicated by the courts, which hear Indians with much less formality than other citizens. It remains finally a starter for which the smaller fermentation could give a dangerous activity, and there is no doubt that a hostile people who have projects of conquest should find an Indian army at his command the day that they bring guns and that he set foot on the island. The table that we could trace the status of Manila in a few years would be very different that of its current state if the government of Spain to the Philippines adopted a better constitution. The earth refuses any of the most valuable productions, nine hundred thousand persons of both sexes in Luzon can be encouraged to cultivate, this climate can do ten silk harvests per year, while China lets just hope the two.

cotton, indigo, sugar cane, coffee born without culture in the footsteps of inhabitant who disdains. Any announcement that the grocery there would be no less than those of the Moluccas: absolute freedom of trade for all nations would ensure a rate that would encourage all cultures, a moderate duty on all exports would, in very few years at all costs government, religious freedom granted to the Chinese, with some privileges, soon attracted to this island one hundred thousand inhabitants of the eastern provinces of their empire, the tyranny of the mandarins in hunting. If to these advantages the Spaniards joined the conquest of Macao, their institutions in Asia and the benefits that derive their trade would certainly be more significant than those the Dutch in the Moluccas and Java .[...]

Spaniards have few institutions across the islands south of Luzon, but they seem to be there that suffered, and their situation in Luzon is not binding on the inhabitants of other islands to recognize their sovereignty, they are, instead, always at war. These so-called Moors which I mentioned earlier, that infest their coasts, which are so frequent raids lead to slavery and the Indians of both sexes submitted to the Spaniards, are the inhabitants of Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, which recognize only the authority of their princes individuals improperly appointed as sultans that these people are called Moors and Malays are genuinely embraced Mohammedanism, about the same time when we began to preach Christianity in Manila. The Spaniards were called Moors, sultans and their rulers, because of their religious identity with that of the African peoples of that name, enemies of Spain for centuries. The only military establishment of the Spaniards in the southern Philippines is one of the island of Samboangan Mindanao, where they maintain a garrison of one hundred and fifty men commanded by a military governor, the appointment of the Governor General of Manila there are other islands in a few villages defended by bad batteries, manned by militias and controlled by alcaldes, as the Governor General, but that could be taken among all classes of citizens which are not military, the real masters of the various islands are located where the English villages would soon have destroyed had they not of great interest to preserve them. These Moors are at peace in their own islands, but they ship buildings to hack on the coast of Luzon, and the alcaldes buy large numbers of slaves made by the pirates, which frees them to take them to Batavia, where they did find that much lower price. These details better paint the weakness of the Philippine government that all the arguments of different travelers. Readers will find that the Spaniards are too weak to protect trade their possessions and all their benefits to these peoples have been, until now, subject to their happiness in the afterlife.

We spent a few days in Manila, and the governor who took leave of us soon after lunch for a siesta, we had the freedom to go to Mr. Sebire, who gave us the services most essential during our stay in Manila Bay.

[The browser then leases the qualities of Mr. Sebire, a trader formerly located in Macao.]

We returned to our boats to ten pm and were back to aboard our frigates to eight hours, but, fearing that, while we occupy ourselves in Cavite repair of our buildings, contractors biscuit flour, etc.., does not make us victims of the slow regular traders of their nation I felt obliged to order an officer to move to Manila and go every day to see the different suppliers that we had sent the steward. I selected Vaujuas M., lieutenant, on board the Astrolabe , but soon the officer wrote me that his stay in Manila was useless, Mr. Gonsoles Carvagnal, superintendent of the Philippines, gave care if individuals for us he was going himself every day to see the progress of the workers who worked for our frigates, and that vigilance was as active as if he himself is part of the expedition. His kindness, his attentions we require a public testimony of gratitude. His cabinet of natural history has been opened to all naturalists, to whom he expressed his various collections in the three kingdoms of nature. At the time of our departure, I received from him a complete and double shells found in the seas of the Philippines. His desire to be helpful has focused on everything that could interest us.

[Come the Bills of Exchange in Macau confirming the sale of otter pelts bought at the Port of French and allowing Lapérouse to distribute the funds corresponding to the sailors.]

The heat of Manila began to produce some bad effects on the health of our crews. Some sailors were attacked with colic which did not follow, however unfortunate. But MM. Lamanon and Daigremont, who had made a beginning of Macao dysentery caused probably removed by perspiration away from earth to find relief from their illness, saw their condition worsen to the point that Mr. Daigremont was hopeless on the twenty-third day after our arrival and died on the twenty-fifth, was the second person died of illness aboard the Astrolabe , and a misfortune of this kind had not yet been tested on Compass, though perhaps our crew had enjoyed a generally less healthy than those of another frigate. It should be noted that the servant who had perished in the crossing from Chile to Easter Island had embarked consumptive and Mr. Langle had yielded to the desire of his master who had hoped that the sea air and warm countries would operate his recovery. As for Mr. Daigremont, despite his doctors and unbeknownst to his comrades and friends, he wanted to cure her illness with water spirits burned, peppers and other remedies to which the man more robust could not resist and he fell victim to his imprudence and tricks of the too good opinion he had of his temperament.

On 28 March, all our work was finished Cavite, our canoes built, repaired our sails, rigging visited, frigates caulked and cured meats as a whole put in barrels. [...] And our confidence in the method of Captain Cook was very large and, accordingly, it was given to each salter a copy of Captain Cook's method and we surveillâmes this new kind of work. We were aboard the salt and vinegar in Europe and we n'achetâmes Spaniards as pigs at a very moderate price.

View of Cavite in Manila Bay. Designed by Duchy of Vancy. Engraved Simonet.
Atlas Voyage de la Perouse, no. 41. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

communications between Manila and China are so frequent that every week, we received news from Macao and we learned with the most surprise arrival in the Canton River, the vessel Resolution, commanded by M. d'Entrecasteaux, and that of the frigate Subtle the orders of Mr. La Croix de Castries. These buildings, when the parties Batavia northeast monsoon was in his power, had high east of the Philippines, had rubbed New Guinea, through seas filled with pitfalls that they had no map and, after a voyage of seventy days from Batavia, had managed finally to the entrance of the Canton River, where they had wet the day after our departure. Astronomical observations they made during this trip will be well for a better knowledge of these seas, always open to buildings that have missed the monsoon, and it is astonishing that our East India Company had made choice, to order the ship that missed his trip this year, a captain who had no knowledge of this road.

Manila

I received a letter from Mr. D'Entrecasteaux, who informed me of the reasons for his journey, and shortly after, the frigate Subtle itself brought me to other news.

In September 1791 a research mission, commanded by Admiral D'Entrecasteaux was rushed into
the South Pacific. Two barges it up: The Search and L ' Hope .

Mr. La Croix de Castries, who had doubled the Cape of Good Hope with Calypso, we learned the news from Europe, but these new dated April 24 and had yet to our curiosity a space of one year to regret, and indeed, our friends, our families had not taken this opportunity to write to us and, in the state of peace where there was Europe, the interest of public events was a little weak with the one who fed our fears and hopes. So we had yet another way to get our letters in France. The Subtle was fairly well equipped to give Mr. La Croix de Castries to repair some of the loss of soldiers and officers that we made in America, he gave four men with an officer on each vessel; Mr. Guyet , ensign was flown on the Compass, and M. Gobien, custody of the navy on the Astrolabe . This increase was much needed and we had less than eight officers of our departure from France, will include Mr. St. Ceran, the total collapse of his health forced me to return to France on the island of subtle, all Surgeons have said that it was impossible to continue the journey.

Sarambeau, fishing raft of Manila. Designed by Blondel. Engraved by Masquelier. L. Aubert scripsit.
Atlas Voyage de la Perouse, no. 58. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

However, our food had been loaded at the time that we had determined, but the Holy Week, which suspends any business in Manila , occasioned some delay provisions in our special, and I was forced to set my starting Monday after Easter. As the northeast monsoon was still very strong, the sacrifice of three or four days could undermine the success of the expedition.

Parao, boat passage from Manila. Designed by Blondel. Engraved by Masquelier. L. Aubert scripsit.
Atlas Voyage de la Perouse, no. 58. (Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République, An V, 1797)

[Here follow the results obtained by the observatory erected in the garden of the governor.]

Prior to sailing, I felt obliged to go with Mr. Langle do our appreciation to Governor-General of the speed with which his orders were executed, and, more particularly still, the steward of which we received many expressions of interest and benevolence. These duties completed, we took advantage of both a stay of forty-eight hours in Mr. Sebire to visit by canoe or by car near Manila. It does not encounter great houses, or parks or gardens, but nature is so beautiful that a mere Indian village on the edge of the river, home to Europe, surrounded by some trees form a picturesque sight more than our most magnificent castles, and the less vivid imagination is always painted on the side of this happiness cheerful simplicity. The Spaniards are almost all in use to leave the residence of the city after the Easter holidays and spend the hot season in the country. They did not try to embellish a country that did not need art, a clean and spacious house, built on the waterfront, with very convenient bathroom, also with no avenues without gardens but shaded with fruit trees: this is the home of the richest citizens, and it would be one of the places of the earth more livable if a more moderate government and some prejudices more assured under the civil liberty of every citizen. The fortifications of Manila have been increased by the Governor General under the direction of Mr. Sauze, clever engineering, but the garrison is small; it is, in peacetime, in a single infantry regiment of two battalions, each consisting of a grenadier company and eight marines, the two battalions in all thirteen hundred effective men. This regiment is Mexican, all soldiers are the color of mulattoes; it ensures they do yield point value and intelligence to European troops. There are more than two companies of artillery, commanded by a lieutenant-colonel, and each consisting of eighty men, a captain with the officers, a lieutenant, an ensign and a supernumerary, three companies of dragoons, forming a squadron of one hundred fifty cavalry, commanded by the oldest of three captains, and finally, a militia battalion of twelve hundred men, and resulted formerly raised by very wealthy Chinese mestizo named Tuasson, who was knighted: all the soldiers of this corps are Chinese mestizos They are the same service in the place that regular troops and now receive the same pay, but they would be of little help in the war. We can establish, if necessary, and in very little time, eight thousand militia, divided into battalions province, commanded by European officers or Creole. Each battalion has a company of grenadiers, one of these companies has been disciplined by a retired sergeant of the regiment is in Manila and the Spaniards, though more likely to criticize than praise the bravery and the merit of the Indians, provide that the airline does not leave behind those of European regiments.

Jongkind, Johan Barthold (1819-1891), Allegory: a woman pointing a sailboat;
graphite, pencil, 1870

Samboangan The small garrison in the island of Mindanao, is not taken on the island of Luzon, was formed for the Mariana Islands and Mindanao, two bodies of one hundred fifty men each, which are invariably attached to these colonies.

Jean-Francois de La Perouse ; travel around World on the Astrolabe and the Compass (1785-1788)

Liberty

(To be continued ...)